10 



thought, I have a few words to say about instinct. The 

 pups of dogs who have been taught to beg will often beg 

 instinctively when hungi-y, although they have not them- 

 selves been taught the accomplishment nor learnt it from 

 other dogs. This unconscious purjDosiveness of action is 

 called instinct, and is only explicable by the theory of 

 inherited acquisition ; that is to say, that we must regard 

 mind not merely as a continuous intelligent adaptation of 

 internal to external relations, not merely as the co-ordi- 

 nated experience of the individual, but as a faithful reflex 

 of the experience of the race. 



In a similar way to that in which the components of 

 memory are associated together, and are capable of repro- 

 duction as abstract ideas, and of further association and 

 discrimination as reason, so the memories of their beneficial 

 or adverse action on the organism, that is to say, their 

 pleasurableness or painf ulness, are associated together so as 

 to evolve vague but intense and pervading emotions. 



The harmonious and oi-derJy working of all my faculties 

 and their interdependence gives me the sense oi personalitt/ , 

 to which emotion is directly related ; while the different 

 order in which sensations are related to one another — that 

 is to say, their phenomenal order — as distinguished from the 

 order in which they associate themselves with or affect my 

 personality, unfolds the existence of the external universe. 

 The same kind of mental process that combines related 

 states of consciousness into a sense of my personality leads 

 me to infer the existence of an external world. 



Those particular kinds of emotion which we call desires 

 and aversions are states of nervous tension leading to a 

 conception of the kind of mental or bodily action which will 

 relieve them. This is volition. Thus, then, we perceive 

 that just as we can analyse brain action into its factors, so 

 can we analyse the mind into its factors. Thus the pro- 

 gress of psychology and neurology, while it has placed our 

 knowledge of mind on a scientific basis, has dissected into 

 their natural unsubstantiahty such ancient metaphysical 

 ghosts as the ego, the non-ego, and the will. 



In the same proportion as we find increased develop- 

 ment of the senses, and as we find stimuli more and more 

 combined and associated by nerve centres, so do we find a 

 progress from simple reflex-action to discrimination of 

 sensations, to consciousness, to brute, and finally to human 

 intelligence. We can trace, for example, the influence of 



