TYPES OF VEGETATION 21 
of vegetation into milk, butter, cheese, or meat. Cattle 
need to be pastured on rich and succulent grasses to yield 
good and abundant milk. Dairy-farming is thus most 
successful in the moister parts of oceanic regions (é.g., 
Brittany, Denmark, Holland, West of England, Ireland). 
Where cattle are reared for meat and hides only, and not 
for milk, a relatively poor grass will suffice, and such are 
the conditions on the great ranches of America. 
The large amount of food required by stock leads, on 
the one hand, to the utilization of large areas of pasturage, 
as in the case of nomadic pastoral tribes ; or, on the other 
hand, to the necessity for a certain amount of artificial 
feeding, at least during a portion of the year, when the 
natural herbage fails. For this reason, fodder and root- 
crops are raised in dairy-districts almost entirely as food 
for cattle. 
Climate and Vegetation in Europe. 
England is a small country, and shows very little of 
that diversity of climate which we are accustomed to 
meet with in continental regions of great extent. In 
England, the greatest differences in the vegetation occur 
in the upward direction. In the lowlands, the same 
general type prevails everywhere, diversity in the vegeta- 
tion being due not to differences of climate, but to 
variations in the nature of the soil, and in the quantity 
and quality of the water contained in it. On the other 
hand, as we ascend the highlands, marked changes in 
the character of the vegetation are observed, owing to 
the fact that the climatic conditions are being altered 
by the increasing cold, moisture, and exposure. For 
this reason, England is not a good example to take when 
we wish to illustrate the dependency of vegetation upon 
climate. It is better to select a large continent like 
Europe, where the extent of land- surface is so great 
that pronounced types of climate are sure to be found 
in some parts of it, and with them divergent types of 
vegetation. 
1. The Tundras.—This is a type of moorland occupying 
the Arctic parts of Russia and Lapland, and extending 
from the northern limits of tree-growth to the regions 
of perennial snow. In winter the tundras are icy wastes 
swept by bitter winds ; in summer they become swampy 
