FRUITS AND SEEDS 185 
2. Fruits derived from an ovary formed of more than 
one carpel : 
(a) Carpels separate : 
(i.) Each one-seeded. 
(ii.) Each many-seeded. 
(6) Carpels united : 
(i.) Each one-seeded. 
(ii.) Each many-seeded. 
This looks satisfactory as far as it goes. Let us proceed 
further, and consider : 
1. Whether the carpels split open to allow the seeds to 
escape (dehiscent fruits) ; 
2. Whether the carpels merely separate (schizo- 
carps) ; or 
3. Whether the fruit is indehiscent. 
The attempt to combine this with the preceding group- 
ing results in confusion, which becomes worse as we still 
further break up the divisions. 
Moreover, biological necessities obtrude themselves 
during the development of the fruit, and seriously affect 
the number of ovules or the number of parts of the ovary. 
Thus, an ovary may be formed of several carpels, with 
one or two ovules in each. While the fruit is forming, 
one ovule may get the start of the rest, monopolize all 
the available food, and reduce the fruit to a one-seeded 
indehiscent structure—e.g., nuts. It is difficult in a case 
like this to decide in what group the fruit should be placed, 
and whether more stress should be laid upon the fruit as 
it is or what it was when it started. In any case, we 
cannot separate biology from morphology. 
We will consider another difficulty. The majority of 
fruit-classifications bravely start off with the primary 
division into— 
1. True fruits. 
2. False fruits (pseudocarps). 
In the first, the fruit is assumed to be derived from the 
ovary alone ; in the latter, other parts of the flower are 
involved, usually the receptacle. The whole inflorescence 
may constitute a single fruit, in which case flowering 
shoots also are involved, as in the fig. Among true fruits 
are included those derived from an inferior ovary—e.g., 
