FRUITS AND SEEDS 193 
a fruit very similar in appearance to the blackberry is the 
product, not of a single flower, but an inflorescence. 
In the berry (Fig. 99) all the pericarp is soft except the 
outer skin, which is tough and elastic, and covered with 
wax (grapes) or hairs (gooseberry). The seeds are hard 
and indigestible. The gooseberry is an inferior berry. 
2. Fleshy fruits in which the receptacle, or some part 
of the flower or inflorescence other than the carpels, 
predominates. They are all “false” fruits. In the 
pome the fruit is inferior, and the succulent portion is 
receptacle which has become fused with the carpels. 
In the apple the true fruit is the core, which is formed 
of five carpels, each containing one or two seeds. In the 
haw, the fruit of the hawthorn, the fleshy receptacle 
Fic. 99.—FrRvir Fic. 100.—‘*‘ PsrupocarP ”’ OF Fic. 101.—Mot- 
OF GOOSE- STRAWBERRY. TIPLE FRUIT OF 
a, achenes ; b, succulent receptacle ; MULBERRY. 
c, persistent calyx. 
encloses one or two hard nuts. Im the rose a large 
number of achenes are enclosed in a cup-shaped receptacle, 
which forms the succulent portion of the fruit. This is 
biologically a berry, just as the pome is biologically a 
drupe. In the strawberry (Fig. 100), another rosaceous 
plant, the receptacle, instead of enclosing the achenes, 
as in the rose, swells out into a succulent mass, carrying 
the tiny achenes on its surface. 
In other cases the fruit is not the result of the matura- 
tion of a single flower, but of a whole inflorescence. In 
the mulberry (Fig. 101) the fruit consists of a number of 
little drupe-like bodies, each of which is the product of 
a single flower ; the fleshy portion is formed from four 
fused perianth-leaves. In the fig (Fig. 102) the axis of 
the inflorescence forms a hollow, pear-shaped fruit, which 
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