GRASSLAND ASSOCIATIONS 261 
thistle), Picris hieracioides (hawkweed oxtongue), Sca- 
biosa Columbaria (small scabious), Carduus acaulis (stem - 
less thistle), *Phytewma orbiculare (round-leaved rampion), 
Chlora perfoliata (yellow-wort), Erythrea Centauriwm 
(centaury), Verbascum Thapsus and V. nigrum (mulleins), 
Inula Conyza (ploughman’s-spikenard), Reseda lutea (wild 
mignonette), R. Luteola (dyer’s-weed), Salvia Verbenaca 
(clary), Ajuga Chamepitys (ground-pine), Plantago media 
(hoary plantain), *Thestum humifusum (bastard toad- 
flax), Spirea Filipendula (dropwort), Spiranthes autum- 
nalis (lady’s-tresses), *Orchis hircina (lizard-orchid, ex- 
tremely rare, found only in Kent), O. pyramidalis (pyra- 
midal orchid), O. ustulata (dwarf orchid), Ophrys apifera 
(bee-orchid), *O. Arachnites (late spider-orchid, very rare, 
in Kent only), O. aranifera (spider-orchid), Habenaria 
conopsea (fragrant orchid), Carex flacca, Juniperus com- 
munis (common juniper). 
The following table exhibits the relationships of the 
natural pasture : 
Vaccinium moor. 
Alpine pasture. 
Sub-alpine and low- /Cminne-heath. 
land natural pasture. \. Geta oy 
Farmland. 
2. Artificial Pasture and Meadow. 
In the region of deciduous trees, large areas of grassland 
exist in this country, on soil very rich in plant-food and 
with a high water-content. Most of this grassland is re- 
claimed woodland, and if allowed to fall out of cultivation 
would return to its natural condition, and once again 
become clothed with forest. In other cases marshes or 
bogs have been drained and converted into good pasture- 
land or meadow. 
Artificial grassland may be divided into two groups, 
according to the agricultural practices to which the land 
is subjected. Meadow-land is essentially hay-producing, 
one or two crops being removed annually, and only after 
the last crop has been cut are cattle allowed on the land. 
