WOODLANDS 273 
more open parts and on the outskirts of the wood are 
those of the ash-wood—e.g., hawthorn, white beam, way- 
faring-tree, buckthorn, spindle-tree, dogwood, sloe, hazel, 
maple, elder, juniper, and yew. The herbaceous under- 
growth includes, in the more open parts, wood-sanicle, 
wood - violet, dog’s- mercury, enchanter’s - nightshade, 
Helleborus viridis, and in the deepest shade the orchid 
Cephalanthera pallens, and the colourless saprophytes 
Neottia Nidus-avis and Monotropa Hypopitys. Also grow- 
ing in the more shady parts are Daphne Laureola (spurge- 
laurel), Ruscus aculeatus (butcher’s-broom), Atropa Bella- 
donna (deadly nightshade), and Buniwm flexuosum (pignut). 
The relationship between the various deciduous woods 
is shown in the following diagram : 
Birch-wood. 
Dry heath. / se 
Urpin “4 
= Re \ 
Oak-birch-heath Ash-birchwood. 
association. | Limestone- 
pasture. 
‘ | ae ar 
Dry oak-wood. Ash-wood. 
| Beech-wood. 
pear cra ay: 
Damp oak-wood. Ash-oakwood. 
Alder-willow thicket. 
EVERGREEN WOODS. 
The trees which constitute the evergreen wood in this 
country are Conifers (pines and firs), and it will be con- 
venient to include with them another Conifer—the larch— 
which is deciduous. 
The pine, the most common of the Conifers, is a most 
accommodating tree in regard to its soil requirements. 
It will grow in any situation which is dry, whether physi- 
cally or physiologically. For this reason pine-woods and 
plantations are found on sandy plains at low altitudes, 
18 
