HEDGEROWS 293 
mixed and varied, and each division must be studied 
separately. 
The influence of man is seen perhaps more in the hedge- 
row than anywhere else. Not only does the frequent 
clipping of the bushes and trees affect the vegetation 
underneath by letting in more light, but the woody plants 
themselves are affected—e.g., beeches and oaks which are 
periodically pollarded usually retain their leaves on the 
branches in a dried state during winter (see p. 109). 
The Hedge itself—The most common trees are: oak, 
elm, and ash ; horse-chestnut, willow, lime, poplar, horn- 
beam, pear, and wild plum are frequent ; white beam is 
common on chalk soils. 
Of bushes or shrubs, the hawthorn, hazel, elder, maple, 
and sloe (blackthorn) are most abundant. More or less 
common species are: privet, cherry-laurel, gorse, pollard 
beech and oak, dogwood, wayfaring-tree (Viburnum 
Lantana), and buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), the last 
three especially on chalk soils. 
Climbers.—Scramblers : Rose, bramble, cleavers (Galiwm 
Aparine), crosswort (G. Cruciata), hedge-bedstraw (G. 
Mollugo). 
Twiners : Honeysuckle, Convolvulus sepium, hop, black 
bryony (Tamus communis), woody nightshade (Solanum 
Dulcamara). 
Tendril-climbers : Vetches (Vicia sepium and V. Cracca, 
leaf-tendrils), yellow meadow-vetchling (Lathyrus pra- 
tensis, leaf-tendrils), Clematis Vitalba (sensitive petioles), 
white bryony (Bryonia dioica). 
Root-climber : Ivy, attached to tree-trunks, or just as 
frequently trailing along the ground. 
Herbs.—The following list includes most of the com- 
moner hedgerow plants. Where the habitat is not stated, 
the plant grows equally well in the shade or in the more 
open parts. 
Achillea Millefolium (yarrow, milfoil), dry, open; divided leat. 
Adoxa Moschatellina (moschatel), shade ; divided leaf. 
Agrimonia Eupatoria (agrimony), dry, open; divided leaf. 
Ajuga reptans (bugle), damp, shade. 
Alliaria officinalis (Jack-by-the-hedge). 
Allium ursinum (ramsons), deep shade. 
Arctium Lappa (burdock). 
Arenaria trinervia (sandwort), shade ; prostrate. 
Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), divided leaf, 
