HEDGEROWS 295 
R. repens (creeping buttercup), open; divided leaf. 
Rumex crispus (dock), open, dry. 
R. obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock), open, dry. 
Sagina procumbens (pearlwort), open, dry. 
Scrophularia nodosa (figwort), damp, shade. 
Sedum Telephium (live-long), dry, shade. 
Senecio erucifolius (hoary ragwort), dry ; divided leaf. 
S. Jacobea (common ragwort), dry ; divided leaf. 
S. vulgaris (groundsel). 
Sonchus arvensis (sow-thistle), dry. 
Spirea Ulmaria (meadow-sweet), moist, shade ; divided leaf. 
Stellaria graminea, shade. 
S. Holostea (greater stitchwort), shade. 
S. media (chickweed), prostrate. 
Symphytum officinale (comfrey), moist, shade. 
Urtica dioica (nettle), dry. 
Veronica Chamedrys (germander-speedwell), shade. 
V. officinalis (common speedwell), dry, open. 
Viola odorata (sweet violet), shade. 
V. sylvatica (dog-violet), shade. 
Among grasses the most common are: Bromus sterilis 
(barren brome), B. mollis (soft brome), Arrhenatherum 
avenaceum (false oat), Avena fatua (wild oat), A. sativa 
(cultivated oat), Festuca Myuros (wall-fescue), Briza 
media (quaking grass), Brachypodium sylvaticum (false 
brome), Triticum repens (couch-grass), Agrostis vulgaris 
(fine bent-grass), Hordeum murinum (barley), Poa annua, 
and Azra flexuosa. 
Where the climate is moist, ferns occupy an important 
position in the vegetation of the hedgerow. The most 
frequent are: Scolopendrium vulgare (hart’s-tongue), Aspi- 
dium Filiaz-mas (male-fern), A. aculeatum (prickly shield- 
fern), Athyrium Filix-feemina (lady-fern) ; where the soil 
is sandy: Blechnum Spicant (hard fern), Asplenium 
Adiantum-mgrum (black spleenwort) and Polypodium 
vulgare (common polypody). In west Britain and Ireland 
Osmunda regalis (royal fern) is often common in the 
hedgerow. 
The strip of waste ground between the hedge and the 
road is tenanted by a very mixed vegetation, especially 
if the soil is frequently disturbed. The first plants to 
appear are annuals—e.g., Poa annua, shepherd’s-purse, 
and groundsel—but if left undisturbed the soil becomes 
covered with a grass-community, and many of the weeds 
disappear. In addition to many plants of the dry hedge- 
bank, the following may occur : clovers, Medicago lupulina 
(black medick), Plantago major (great plantain), Melilotus 
