44 TALKS AFIELD. 



apices, and the floral envelope, at least in 

 some cases, the glum a. Fuchs published a 

 botanical work in 1542. Hieronymus Tra- 

 gus, another German, published an herbal in 

 1551, in which he associates some of the 

 mints, the mustards, and the sunflowers. The 

 first indication of a general scientific ar- 

 rangement of plants occurs in the " De Plan- 

 tis Libri " of Andreas Csesalpinus, published 

 in Florence in 1583. In a vague manner 

 Csesalpinus pointed out ten classes : the first 

 included plants which bear but one seed, as 

 the peach, almond, and cherry ; the second, 

 such as had but one seed receptacle or case, 

 as the rose ; the third, those which had two 

 seeds ; the fourth, those with two seed recep- 

 tacles, and so on through those with four 

 seed receptacles; then followed a class hav- 

 ing more than four seeds and one having 

 more than four receptacles. These classes 

 were largely artificial and arbitrary, but they 

 brought together plants which have natural 

 affinities. The plants included by Caesal- 

 pinus under Legumina are essentially those 

 at present included in the order Leguminosse, 

 or the Pea family, and his Bulbacese corre- 

 spond pretty closely to our Liliacese, or lily- 

 like plants. John Ray, of England, made 



