1888. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121 
‘‘whoosh,” ‘‘back,” etc., in English-speaking countries ; 
SCamney ees ALL, deja ClO. ebes,in) Huropean Coun- 
tries. 
In the United States ‘‘ gee” directs the animals away from 
the driver, hence to the right, but, according to Webster’s Dic- 
tionary, in England the same term has the opposite effect ; 
because the driver walks on the right hand side of his team. 
In Virginia, mule drivers gee the animals with the ory 
““hep-yee-ee-a;” in Norfolk, England, ‘‘whoosh-wo;” in 
France, ‘‘ hue” and « huhauts” in Germany “hott” and 
«“hotte;’’ in some parts of Russia, ‘‘hait&é” serve the same pur- 
pose. ‘I'o direct animals to the left another series of terms is 
used, suchas: ‘‘haw” (U.8.); ‘‘who-haw” (Va.); ‘‘ who- 
hysh” (Me.); ‘‘whoosh” (Suffolk); ‘‘ har,” also ‘‘hu” (Ger- 
many); ‘‘dia” (France); ‘ vishté”” (Southern Russia). 
In calling cattle in the field, a great variety of terms are 
used, of which the following are examples: ‘‘ bos, bos” (Conn.); 
és sake, sake” (Conn.); coo, coo” (Va.); ‘‘sook,” and ‘‘sookey,” 
also ‘‘sookow ”’ (Southern U.8.); “<< koeb; koeb” (Me.); 
‘*cusha ” (Scotland). 
In calling sheep, “‘konan,” and ‘ konanny” (Ga.); ‘‘ k’day, 
k’day ” (Conn.). In calling horses ‘‘ kope” is common in the 
Southern U. S., and the Creoles of Louisiana cry ‘‘see-chuck.” 
In calling hogs in the field ‘‘ chee-oo-00 ” (Va.), ‘‘ pig-ooy” 
(Ill.), ‘‘chaw-awg” (Va.), ‘‘ whoop” (Ga.), are some of the 
terms current in the localities named. 
With the exception of whoa, gee, and haw, and some others, 
these words are not found in dictionaries, and the speaker pro- 
poses to form a vocabulary of them. In the cases of inarticulate 
sounds, chirps, and clicks, he adopts the notation of Professor 
A. Melvill Bell, author of “Visible Speech.” Of this system 
and its application to the case in hand he gave illustrations on 
the blackboard. 
Dr. Bolton gave examples of the terms used in Germany, 
France, Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Southern India, and 
among the Eskimo. He pointed out certain common features 
as well as some singular reversals; sounds used in one country 
to start and urge horses are used in another country, or even in 
another part of thesame country, tostopthem. He further gave 
quotations from early literature, and referred to the explanations 
occurring in certain English dictionaries of archaic and provin- 
cial words. 
In conclusion, he stated that this should be regarded as a 
preliminary notice made for the purpose of asking assistance 
of persons interested. He is desirous of collecting words and 
