80 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [JAN. 21, 
A. Greenei, Gray, A. Rusbyi, Greene, with rarely a specimen 
of A. Matthewsii, Wats.—a species belonging more properly 
to the open country; Potentilla subviscosa, Greene, Carwm 
Garrdneri, Ligusticum montanum, Aplopappus croceus, Gray, 
Troximon glaucum, Nutt., Senecio Arizonicus, Greene, S. 
Actinella, Greene, Actinella Bigeiovii, Gray, A. scaposa, Nutt., 
and Solidago nana, Nutt.; early in the season the ground is 
aflame with the beautiful Phlox speciosa, Pursh, var. Wood- 
housei, Gray. 
Everywhere through the forest we encounter beautiful open 
parks, from a few acres to several square miles in area. Here 
the grasses are taller, often nearly two yards high, and of dif- 
ferent species. Stipa pennata, L., var. Neo-Mexicana, Thurb., 
and S. comata,'Trin., are conspicuous. Other plants which con- 
stantly occur in such locations are Senecio Douglassii, DC., 
Aster tanacetifolius, H. B. K., A. canescens, Pursh, Hymeno- 
pappus Mexicanus, Gray, Actinella Rusbyi, Gray, the beautiful 
Gilia multiflora, Nutt., Hriogonum cernuum, Nutt., Astraga- 
lus Hosackie, Greene, and many Hritrichiums of the Jamesii, 
glomeratum and setosissimum type. It is usually, or at least 
very commonly, in these parks that the permanent water-sup- 
plies are to be found. The soil underlying the forest consists, 
for the most part, to a great depth, of loose volcanic rock, upon 
the surface of which no stream can form a permanent bed. The 
water-courses, therefore, are far beneath the surface, but re- 
appear occasionally to form living pools of delicious water, often 
a hundred yards or more in diameter. About these springs are 
found characteristic species, sedges and rushes, Jris Missou- 
riensis, Nutt., LHpilobium paniculatum, Nutt., Campanula 
Scheuchzerti, Vill, and the like. . 
During the heavy rains, even this porous soil is not sufficient 
to absorb the entire fall of water, and it runs off through the hol- 
lows, very readily washing out the loose material to form ravines 
and small canyons of the very roughest class. Up along these 
canyons creep many of the lowland plants, and down them 
escape many of those of the highland, producing a richly 
varied and characteristic flora. Cnicus of several species, Lie- 
tuca pulchella, DC., a peculiar form of Verbena polystachya, 
H. B. K. (?), Synthyris plantaginea, Benth., Hedeoma pro- 
cumbens, Greene, a beautiful little species, Senecio Rusbyi, 
Greene, Pentstemon Palmeri, Gray, Prunus demissa, Walp., 
Spirea millefolium, Torr., and S. discolor, Benth., Cowanta 
Mexicana, D. Don, Ribes cereum, Dougl., Fendlera rupicola, 
Eng., Sambucus glaucus, Nutt., Lonicera involucrata, Banks, 
Iupinus rivularis, Dougl., var. latifolius, Wats., Ivesia de- 
pauperatu, Gray, Galium Wrightii, Gray, and G, microphyl- 
