532 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT. 
part of the breast, extending some distance down on the median line, and a somewhat hidden space round the anus, yellow. A 
conspicuous white patch at the base of the wing formed by the spurious feathers, interrupted by the black alula. 
Female smaller, browner ; the yellow confined to the under parts and sides of the head, and a superciliary line. A dusky 
maxillary line. No white on the wing. Length of male, 10.00 inches; wing, 5.60; tail, 4.50. 
Hab.—Western America from Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin, and North Red river, to California, south into Mexico. Green- 
land, Reinhardt. 
The color of the yellow in this species varies considerably ; sometimes being almost of a lemon 
yellow, sometimes of a rich orange. There is an occasional trace of yellow around the base of 
the tarsus. 
The female differs considerably in appearance, as above mentioned. Sometimes the superciliary 
stripe is broader, and involves much of the side of the neck. The feathers on the middle of the 
breast are sometimes edged with whitish. The young male of the year is like the female, but 
larger, and likewise lacks the white of the wing. Immature males of more adult condition 
have the yellow of the head and neck variously clouded with black margins, especially on the 
upper surface. 
A very young bird has the head and back brownish yellow, the wing coverts with a broad 
bar of white. 
This species is very widely distributed throughout the North American continent, having 
even been found in Greenland. Its eastern limit in the United States appears to be Illinois. It 
is essentially a prairie bird. 
List of specimens. 
F | F 
Catal.|Sex and Locality. | When col- | Whence obtained. | Orig’!) Collected by— | Length. Stretch | Wing. Remarks. 
No. age. | lected. No, | of wings. 
secres| RACING, WiS.000 Sea ADYiseleslecee N. W. University.|....+. Dr. Hoy..... eocleccencecloe Seo Coord taleuwiosie 
4332 oO Dane county, W S54. ceecitecn| Mul. DICWEF sace|ccserslesceces ADDO OLOS | ISoacodo Ing aeeeselleccciccee voce eccc cece coccee 
6943 |........| Red River, H. B.T A lispstecosssesss D. Gunn.....00. eee wisjaisjaietaiaje's||(oele alsle]| (ae siavetereiel| nceisieselae's chpdeedtocas seeeee 
1873 Q Fort Union, Neb.. Slece. oveceeioves|| Gets BAlldeicsce! «| asses J.T. AUdUDON..|..00 cece] sccecce.[eceees wee cee eeeeceeeceecee 
1872 fot QOcKdn Waqnonocosnga tees teen neeeeeeeee cece ces|cccece|seees ADeccvecics|icocs woeslere cceces|ecvecccces covcevccecs eeeee 
2840 Bs Plains of Missouri R...).ssee. eee aces A oi ukis LLAYTISeccaiacislavesieces naicese'| ciualsieelsleleleieioete elevesteslelarcia'el 
ABSSH|(etcames Fort Pierre, Neb........ | April25, 1855 | Col. Vaughan... ..| Dr. Hayden....|.....0.- ceccevce| cccclocccccsen eeeccccscccscoce 
5323 fof 15 miles'below Ft. Pierre} June 28, 1856 | Lieut. Warren ...|.ccce-|seees ANcocesces|ovescece|ccccsccs|roscce|ccsece secs uescnccccons eee 
7003 3 South Platte River..... Aug. 25, 1857 | Lieut. Bryan.....| 435 | W.S. Wo00d...]....cccsjeccscecs|eoeves cece ee ceccee cree cccccccces 
8220 fof Fort Laramie, Neb.....| Sept. —, 1857} Wm. M. Magraw..| 203 | Dr. Cooper ... 17.25 | 5.50 | Feet black.....ccc0.. cece 
B22 | QD eveee dOsssceereeceeeeee| Sept. 12, 1857 ]...... DOseceeariee |) 2045| see dozectste. 1720015050! | secaunierescteseclarstieneecs 
5674 fof Forks of Platte River...) July 15, 1856 | Lieut. Bryan.....| 113 | W.S. Wood...|. asuje(siey||'veoceiefescisjeciecieuiesjacils/acieeleleciale 
8792 |.......-| North Fork Platte......| Aug. 20......| Wm. Magraw....| 65 | Dr. Cooper.....]. «|eseecese|eoeeee| Lris brown; bill and feet 
Dlack ove cccecces ccccce 
794 |eceeeee+| 15mileseast Ft. Laramie] Aug. 26, 1857 |......dO...cceeece| 167 Joceee AOsecceee-| 10.50 | 17.25 | 6.00 |..000ed0.......0. dO seccee 
5671 3 Republican River.......| Sept. 25, 1856 | Lieut. Bryan.....| 354 WS. WO0d...} acc cecslencceccc|soeece|scccecccsciccececcccs scecse 
6556 ref Fort Riley, K. T. ......|eseees Sele ere ciere!| ( DNeaVrTs Ac FLAIN= lis osio;sic\|[ateteie.e) yaisimsveln'winie/s]| ololsloiaislapllisieivieie eveiill(s a's\eleini|(sisieiniele.0.e!s\o,e'elain\aiacine[aielsieia(ainiai 
mond. 
4962 |........| Fort Chadbourne, Tex..|.o.0.-eveeeee-| Dr. Swift........ ealeees,|cielsleh ioc selelmcioe! ccvccce-lcccecces [esses ec ee cece tere cece cccecccece 
4045| | New Leon, Mex.......| May —, 1853] Lieut. Couch ....|...... [essa sncleaseccms|toenese:leresieceelsssier| ences adaocoostaqasunadees 
4046] Q |rseee. dosverseccmacen set |eeedoteeassastastect dovbacesccct|feeske ie Meese eee ae eee HU UA RHE Peon cLon 
4996 |....++..| Del. Creek and Pecos,.| July 16, 1856} Capt. Pope.......| 109 |..seeeeeeeeeeee.| 10.00 | 15.50 | 5.00 | Eyes dark brown; gums 
| yellow. 
4997 |.....e..| Pecos R, Texas..... sees) April 26, 1856 |...24.dOseeeeeeees| 193 ceceeeeeeeessees| 10.00 | 16.50 | 5.25 | Bill and feet black....+... 
4998 Q Devil’s River, Texas....| May 2, 1855 |...00.dQseceeeeese 63 | cccvecvcccccceslccceccccleccccore|svenee Bill brown; feet gray. 
SEGAG| leateisate sia] MUM DIES LOMRIOGTANGEs|larieectreie vctalacid| MDY ec CMNY srw eislale(s |(sinisinisjo\|\sie/sicie'elsie(slalels:muislel] c/cs'a; s.0)n's'| wajn'siaicic’s|| clelsleleiril we wwaiolsloleis(sisleine’sctaleleleloleaiaia 
8570 3 El Pas0..ecee veeee Rieveisis| seis eleisieslesiac.cc Major Emory..... sevens) As SCNOtt ec se ee] ecee sees |sees eee: leeeens eeeeesenceeeeecvenseeeeees 
8554 |....06. | Sawatch PasS......00../eoccccceeeeee-| Lieut. Beckwith.. 15 | Mr. Kreutzfeldt.|........ Bere cecces|cacciccccccccevenccencs cece 
4594 |........| Colorado River, Cal....|.. wales saictece Major Emory .... DOL FASISCHOLG seis cies) cee ciccos| iesive cls eaice cleo alesis clcciee neleaieeicatactuclslelee 
FOrt TEjOM. sacccececces|coescccveveces| Je N+ dE VESCY...Jecceceleccvecccccecvers FERRE Peer oncd Conren BaRepr coamaecoanbasacacc 
8572 3 Los Angelos Valley.....|..+++.++++++--| Lieut. Williamson seen! Dr. HEermann .|.ccecces|oreovecs[eoe selevcccccvccccescscncccscce: 
4561 |ovesceee| San JOSE, Cal.cceesseccelecsecccecccces| A. J. GraySON....|sccecc|ceesccsccerseces|scccvecs|socceces|sccccelecseveseescececesecscecece 
8571 | o.e-.| Presidio, Cal... ccceser|scevescceerce- Titaplrow bridge slleesscalleseseajenseiasesital sae slecee cece cces|covccs|seeceecscscnccccscsseccces 
5534| Petaluma, Cal..........| April, 1856...) E. Samuels ...... AGB cas clecesisciccinsos|ecieessiae| cassia cellaceecis| esleceisfosisieievesinccslenccceea 
4475 |eveecss,| Rhett Lake, Cal.....sccjecoveeeeseeeee| Lieut. Williamson sessed] Dr. NEWDEITY..|eceevees|-coccces|ecccvc|ecnveececcacescencceeneece 
