348 BONES OF LOPHIUS PISCATORIUS — MORROW. 
56. The lower pharyngeals are flat, and have at their poste- 
rior extremities a somewhat spatulate shape, gradually tapering 
to their anterior extremities, from which points to about one-half 
of their length they are strengthened by lateral ridges; on their 
outer and inner edges it may be said there are two rows of teeth 
occupying the anterior two-thirds of their length, the posterior 
third is for the attachment of the muscles, and between the rows 
of teeth the bones are somewhat rough. 
57. The hypobranchials are not represented in the Lophius 
as in the Cod by three bones, but the inferior (anterior) extre- 
mities of the ceratobranchials of the three first branchial arches 
are prolonyed curving inwards and posteriorly, and tapering to 
points they rest in, and are supported by the fibrous tissue of the 
floor of the mouth. 
58. Ceratobranchials—the first three pairs of these bones are 
thin and delicate and there is a comparatively wide space be- 
tween their inferior extremities ; the fourth pair are longer than 
the others, but their inferior (anterior) extremities are slight and 
a short distance apart, but tied together by tough fibrous tissue 
which also serves to support the inferior extremities of the lower 
pharyngeals. 
61. The epibranchiais—the first pair in the Lophius are 
only short representatives of these bones and they do not rise to 
the support of the upper pharyngeals, but are attached to the 
ceratobranchials of the first arch in the usual manner, and to the 
epibranchials of the second arch, of which they are about one- 
third the length, their superior extreinities fitting into a groove 
in the epibranchial to which they are also attached by liga- 
ment. At about their centres they throw out anteriorly, processes, 
which are slightly curved inferiorly, for their attachment to the 
muscies which govern the branchial arches. The second pair of 
epibranchials are long and slender bones having expansions for 
the junction of the first pair, and at each extremity for their 
attachments inferiorly to their ceratobrancbials, and superiorly 
to the anterior division of the upper pharyngeals, immediately 
beneath the process for the muscular attachment of this division. 
The third pair of epibranchials taper slightly from their june- 
