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IN EASTERN CANADA,—AMI. 165 
which they were derived. Comparisons must be instituted 
between the various life-zones occurring in the natural succession 
of strata, and wherever they are exposed they can easily be 
recognized however fragmentary or isolated they may be, pro- 
vided they are fossiliterous, and that the evidence thus obtained 
can be compared with standard sections recognized the world 
over. The characteristic life-zones of the Carboniferous System, 
as they have been elaborated the world over, can be very easily 
prepared, and in order to be recogaized as typical they must be 
in accord with the concensus of opinion with the rest of the world. 
They must not contain assemblages of organisms or types 
which are not in harmony with, but must be organically and 
chronologically related to, the types that are everywhere held to 
be of Carboniferousage. Fortunately for the geologist, although 
there are unconformities or breaks in the succession of strata 
there is abundant evidence of life of various orders and classes 
entombed in the various formations. 
THE JOGGINS SECTION. 
One grand and continuous section of strata of the Carbon- 
iferous system to very near the summit thereof, in which are 
entombed myriads of organisms, plants and animals in regular 
succession also, is found along the Joggins shore, in the western 
portion of Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. This section was 
deseribed in detail by Sir William Logan, and subsequently by 
Sir William Dawson and Dr. R. W. Ells. It extends from Min- 
udie to McCarren’s Cove, along the shore of the Cumberland 
Basin. This forms one standard section. No other such exists 
in Nova Scotia, and a systematic collection of the fossil organic 
remains entombed in its strata ought to be made for reference, 
in order to compare the succession of life-zones here with those 
of other portions of Nova Scotia and North America. In the 
United States, Mr. David White informs me that there have been 
noted not less than seven standard sections of the Carbon- 
iferous System, in distinct fields: Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, 
Missouri and other States. These all have their peculiar charac- 
