GEOLOGY OF CAPE BRETON.—GILPIN. 221 
East Bay, and considerable amounts of ore have been found. It 
is quite possible that deposits capable of yielding large amounts 
of ore do exist, and the working of these deposits may disclose 
the rules governing their location. I would suggest that the 
lines of junction of the marine limestones with the older rocks 
furnish better hunting grounds for the prospector, as the greater 
solubility of the limestones affords more opportunity for the 
seggregation of workable ore bodies. An instance of this is 
furnished by the occurrence near Loch Lomond of rich, red he- 
matite ore, apparently in the limestone horizon; and a more 
widely known paralle] is furnished by the limestones of Barrow 
and Furness, in England, which have supplied immense amounts 
of the purest red hematites, in many respects resembling those 
in Cape Breton, now under consideration. 
Cape Breton is not without examples of the earliest step in the 
ageregation of this useful metal. Beds of bog iron ore are frequently 
met, and the large amounts of iron-bearing rocks and the presence 
of varying minerals aiding their formation make them perhaps 
more numerous in the Carboniferous than elsewhere. Frequently 
they occur in the sites of old swamps or bogs, as beds from a few 
inches to a couple of feet in thickness. This ore is good enough 
for local use in blast furnace practice for foundry iron, but is 
neither rich enough in metallic iron, or free enough from phos- 
phorus to be sought after for steel making. 
It not unfrequently happens that considerable amounts of 
manganese, a metal in many points resembling iron, become in- 
corporated with these bog ores. They therefore graduate from 
bog iron ore, a hydrous peroxide of iron into a similar man- 
ganese ore. In this latter form it is not known in Cape Breton 
pure enough for exportation. 
As I have insensibly passed from iron to manganese, I may 
remark here that throughout the Lower Provinces the limestones 
of the Carboniferous and their associated silicious shales form 
the habitat of a very valuable and pure variety of manganese 
ore. Ina paper read a few years ago before the Royal Society 
of Canada I gave a full account of the manganese ores of Nova 
Scotia. In Cape Breton this crystalline pyrolusite is known 
