326 OPENING ADDRESS.—MACGREGOR. 
devoted to groups of sciences, as Natural History Museums. In 
other cases, while the illustration of all departments of knowledge 
may be aimed at, the mode of illustration may be general, not en- 
tering into great detail. Of this kind are the museums established 
for educational purposes in schools and colleges, sometimes called 
typical museums, because they aim at securing only typical 
or representative examples of the various classes into which 
animals, plants, &c., have been divided. Then we have Art 
Museums, which aim at illustrating the artistic department of 
human activity,and which provide usually specimens showing 
the gradual development of art in past ages, the Art Exhibition 
being a temporary museum intended to illustrate the’ present 
state of artistic activity. Technological or Industrial Museums. 
are also devoted to human activity, but in the department of 
industry. They may be restricted to some one industry, or some 
group of industries, or to the industrial development generally of 
some one country or town, or even to the present industrial con- 
dition of a larger or smaller section of the human race. 
The expenditure of the various civilised nations on museums. 
I have no means of ascertaining. But even a casual visit to the 
metropolitan museums of Europe and America will show, that 
for them alone, it must reach a very large figure; while the 
smaller amounts devoted to sustaining the numerous provincial 
or local museums referred to above, must in the aggregate reach an 
enormous sum. Thus the Edinburgh and Dublin museums cost 
about £10,000 a year each, while the English provincial museums 
of the first class are found to involve an annual expenditure of 
at least £800 a year each. In all such services connected with 
the education of the people, and the development of industries, 
the expenditure of the continental nations of Europe is on a much 
more liberal scale than in Great Britain. On the whole then, 
the world’s annual expenditure on museums must reach an enor- 
mous figure. 
Now, even wealthy nations do not expend money thus lavishly 
without definite objects; and the objects which are aimed at, and 
which experience shows to be secured, by the founding and main- 
tenance of museums, are three, viz, (1) the promotion of 
