440 OUR COMMON ROADS—MURPHY. 
boundaries of the county, so that the cost per mile are the aver- 
age of rates, which widely differ with the traffic and the situation 
of the roads. The wages are about $4.38 per week, and the 
materials cost from $1.07 to $1.72 per cubic yard on the average. 
The average cost of the parish roads included in highway 
districts in England and Wales ranged from $16.55 to $183.22 
per mile in different counties, the mean of the whole length of 
roads being $65.94 per mile. 
It will be observed that comparing whole districts, the average 
cost of maintenance varies considerably, and if single roads or 
parts of roads were to be taken, the difference of cost would be 
greater, some being as little as $24.33 per mile, while others with 
heavy traffic cost upwards of $1703.33 per mile for short lengths. 
The wages from $3.65 per week in the cheapest counties to $4.38 
or more in Glamorgan, aud the cost of material per cubic yard 
ranged from $0.61 in some parts of the cheapest counties to $1.25 
near Swansea. (Codrington.) 
General Gilmore, U.S. Army, in his treatise on Roads and Street 
pavements, 1888, classifies American country roads as follows : 
1. Earth roads. 
2. Corduroy roads. 
3. Plank Roads. 
4. Gravel Roads. 
5. All broken stone (or Macadam) roads. 
6. Stone sub-pavement with top layers of broken stone. 
(Telford.) 
7. Stone sub-pavement with top layers of broken stone and 
gravel. 
8. Stone sub-pavements with top layers of gravel. 
9. Rubble stone bottom with top layers of broken stone, gravel, 
or both. 
10. Concrete sub- pavement with top layers of broken stone, 
gravel or both. 
He proceeds to say : 
EARTH ROADS. 
Earth Roads necessarily possess so many defects of surface that 
whatever amelioration their condition is susceptible of by careful 
