By-Laws and Rules. 5 
Section 3. Five members of the Council shall constitute a 
quorum for the transaction of business. 
Section 4. The scientific meetings of the Union shall be 
open to the public, unless otherwise ordered by a majority of 
the Fellows and Members present. 
Section 5. A Stated Meeting of the Council shall immedi- 
ately precede each Stated Meeting of the Union. Special 
meetings of the Council may be called by the President and 
Secretary, or by any four members of the Council. 
Article IV. Of Elections, Resignations, and Expulsions. 
Section 1. All elections shall be by ballot. Officers, Fel- 
lows, Honorary Fellows and Members, shali be elected indi- 
vidually. 
Section 2. All Officers shall be elected annually; the term 
of office shall begin immediately after the election, and the 
Officers shall continue in office until their successors are 
elected. 
Section 3. Elections of Officers are to be held as follows: 
In each case nominations shall be made by means of an 
informal ballot, the result of which shall be announced by the 
Secretary; after which the first formal ballot shall be taken. 
In the ballot for Vice-Presidents, and for members of the 
Council, each voter may write on one ballot as many names as 
there are Officers to be elected, viz., two on the first ballot for 
Vice-President, and seven on the first ballot for members of 
the Council; and on each subsequent ballot as many names as 
there are persons yet to be elected; and those persons who 
receive the votes of a majority of the Fellows and Members 
voting shall be declared elected, provided that the number of 
persons receiving such majority does not exceed the number 
of persons to be elected, in which case the vacancies shall be 
filled by the candidates receiving the highest majorities. 
If in any case the informal ballot result in giving a majority 
for any of the candidates, it may be declared formal by a 
majority vote. 
Section 4. Nominations to the Classes of Fellows and Mem- 
