HE VALE OF CLWYD. 81 
The limestone had been peeled off along the bedding planes, 
and the sand and gravel generally abutted immediately against 
the face of a bed. I was informed that lumps of ore had been 
found in the lowest bed close to the surface of the rock. This 
looks as if it had been washed off an ancient land surface and 
had been sorted according to its specific gravity along shore. 
In the gravel from top to bottom were fragments of felstone, 
felspathic breccia, and a kind of granite. The far-transported 
rocks are all rounded. The fragments of mountain-limestone 
are often angular. The waterworn pieces of limestone are 
frequently perforated by boring organisms, as we now find 
similar stones on the shore at Rhyl. In the upper part, which 
abutted against the limestone in the railway cutting close to 
Talargoch office, I found fragments of Tellina solidula. 
Mr. SmiruH, the manager, informed me that he had heard of 
stag’s horns being found in the lowest beds. This was probably 
a tradition of the stag and mammoth referred to by BUCKLAND 
(Reliquie Diluviane, p.p- 177-8.) 
Fic. 19. 
Sir Edward Walker's Shaft, T ulargoch. (Scale 40 feet to 1 inch.) 
a. Surface soil : a ee wins 
&. Marl and clay ae fic »r2E of 
c. Dry sand +¢ - e aaah Oy 
d. Quicksand .. se ae gO, Os 
e. StrongClay .. ae es pt 64 of 
f- Sand and Gravel a oe abide 99) 
g. Gravel she xe a eae 
h. Clayey gravel with wate re ot | GOH OF 
k. Sand and gravel ne = we 36 tO! 
7. Gravel with lumps of ore at base.. } JOib2iite" 
m. Mountain limestone followed along lode. 
“PENNANT mentions two molar teeth and a tusk found in 
Flintshire, at Halkin, near the mouth of the Vale of Clwyd”— 
Buckiann, Reliquie Diluviane, p. 174- 
“The remains of elephant which I have mentioned as 
being found in North Wales, in the Vale of Clwyd and near 
Dyserth, are attended with some peculiar circumstances : they 
are commonly said to occur in a lead mine, and so in fact they 
do ; but it is a lead mine of an unusual kind, being conducted 
in a bed of diluvial gravel, that contains pebbles of lead, as the 
gravel beds of Cornwall, called stream works, contain pebbles 
and sand of tin ore.” ‘‘It is the only case I know of in this 
country where lead is found under such circumstances in suffi- 
cient quantity to be worth working. It is locally called flat 
ore, from its occurring in flat or horizontal beds of gravel. Its 
occurrence here is explained by the position of this gravel bed 
at the mouth of a valley of denudation, cut in the limestone 
hills of Halkin, which are full of lead veins, The gravel 
resulting from this destruction contains fragments of lead ore, 
mixed up with the wreck of the rock that formed its matrix 
