32 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF 
before the excavation of the valley. Its thickness is unusually 
great, and several mines are worked in it; one, called Gronant 
Mine, gives the following section : 
I. Vegetable mould won 2 feet. 
2. Clay, mixed with some sand and rolled stones .. 26 yards. 
3. Gravel beds, containing rolled pieces of lead of allsizes.. 8 yards. 
In another mine, called Tal-ar-goch, the remains of ox and 
stag are found at present: and in 1815 a pair of stag’s horns 
were discovered at 60 yards below the surface, and are now 
in the possession of the Earl of Plymouth at Tardebig. The 
section of this mine is: 
I. Vegetable mould re a ey 2) feet: 
2. Clay $0 He .. 26 yards. 
3- Sand and gravel ; vi .. 68 yards. 
Containing pebbles of copper as well as of lead. Horns, teeth, and 
bones are found in it, at from 40 to 70 yards from the surface, and 
also at the bottom of the gravel, in immediate contact with the 
subjacent limestone rock. 
Another shaft dug one mile south of St. Asaph, at a spot 
between the Elwy and the Clwyd, presented irregular alter- 
nations of clay and gravel, to the depth of 88 feet. For the 
above particulars, as to these lead mines, I am indebted to the 
kindness of C. Sroxrs, Esg., and RoBERT Dawson, Eso.”— 
BucKLAND, Reliqguie Diluviane, pp. 177-9. 
Such is the record of the occurrence of mammoth and stag 
in gravel at the bottom of the Talargoch lead workings. The 
account simply enough states that the bones were found 7” the 
gravel, and those who refer all these deposits entirely to post- 
glacial times will not find it impossible to accept the statements. 
As, however, these observations do not seem to have been 
confirmed by further discoveries of bones in the Clwydian Drift, 
we are justified in asking how far it might be possible that such 
remains had worked down through fissures in the limestone at 
some later time, so as to appear to be associated with the lead- 
bearing gravels which abut immediately against the rock. We 
have not, it is true, yet detected the gravels of the earlier river 
denudation in the Vale of Clwyd, and may have to distinguish 
between many different river gravels by and bye; but this will 
not help us out of the difficulty, as I have shown that the 
Talargoch gravels contain sea-shells, and cannot be referred to 
any ancient river gravel. 
If these bones do belong to the Clwydian Drift, their 
occurrence increases the probability of the deposit being post- 
glacial, and even connects it more closely in age with the cave 
deposits than we should otherwise be inclined to suppose. We 
must, therefore, seek for further information, and examine 
carefully any evidence of marine action in the caves. 
It has been stated that sea shells were found in the Cefn 
Caves in such a position as would lead to the inference that 
