THE VALE OF CLWYD. 33 
they were introduced during the post-glacial submergence, 
but all the shells which I have found in these caves have 
been in cave-earth following the steep sloping floor as if 
carried in from above, and in no case in such a position or 
in such a deposit as would allow us to believe that they could 
have been washed in by the waves of the sea. It appeared 
to me more probable that they had been brought in by sub- 
aerial agency from the marine drift at any period subsequent to 
its deposition. We must have other evidence to prove that 
they were introduced by the sea. 
A period of emergence is a period of destruction, and the 
record of such a period is to be looked for in the marks of 
denudation and not of deposition. So in our area, the present 
valleys of the Elwy and the Clwyd were cut out of the old 
estuarine deposits which we have been speaking of as the 
Clwydian drift, and which were once continuous from Bodel- 
wyddan to Rhualit, leaving between them the promontory on 
which St. Asaph stands. 
CAVES. 
The Cefn Caves have been long known, but the interesting 
fact that they contained the remains of extinct mammalia was 
found out by accident. The Rev. Epwarp STANLEY, walking 
up the picturesque valley of the Elwy, one day noticed a number 
of strange bones lying over the surface of the meadow land 
which lies along the river bank below the cliffs. They had 
been thrown there by Mr. Lioyp, of Cefn, who was very 
sagaciously dressing his meadow land with the bone-earth from 
the Caves. STANLEY gave an account of the caves and their 
contents (Edin. New Phil. Journ., Jan. 1833. See also FALCONER 
Pal. Mem. II., 541; HuGues & Tuomas, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 
Vol. III., p. 387; Dawkins’ Cave Hunting, p. 286.) 
In the year 1874 the Rev. D..R. THomas and myself gave 
an account of discoveries made in the cave by the road leading 
from Cefn to Pontnewydd, of. czt., in which, besides the remains 
of mammals mentioned in the list below, including one human 
molar, we found rude felstone and flint implements, all of 
which are now preserved at Cefn in the collection of 
Mrs. Witt1amMs Wyrn, who kindly afforded us every facility 
for investigation. 
LIST OF ANIMALS FROM PONTNEWYDD CAVE. 
Homo sapiens | Meles taxus 
Hyena spelea Rhinoceros hemitechus 
Canis lupus Equus caballus 
C. vulpes Cervus elaphus 
Ursus speleus C. capreolus 
U7 ferox 
At Plas Heaton, about 3 miles S. of St. Asaph, a most interest- 
ing cave is still being explored by the owner, Mr. HEATON. 
