CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO FRUIT GROWING. 91 
another to hold him fast there, and a third to pour the wine 
down the throat of the first! The greater part of the countries 
where wine is made (¢.g., the interior of France, Germany, 
Hungary, &c.) are subject to great extremes of heat and cold, 
or at any rate to great heat in summer. 
Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, which are always grown 
on the warmest walls, blossom very early, and unless protected 
are very liable to have the bloom destroyed by frost. From the 
mode of training they have a better chance of ripening their 
wood than trees not so grown, and near the coast they have a 
better chance of escaping frost than they have inland. My 
experience of these fruits at Colwyn Bay is, that they much 
oftener bear good crops (without any protection) than do bush 
and pyramid Pears and Apples. The fruit, however, is small, 
poor in flavour, and addicted to mildew in the case of Peaches. 
Plums require to be grown on warm walls, or they rarely 
bear at all. Cherries also, except some of the hardiest kinds, 
do little good as pyramids, and though the choicer sorts often 
bear freely yet they do not ripen their fruit. There is a fatal 
objection to growing this fruit on large standard trees, that 
unless the number of trees be enough to make it worth while to 
keep a ‘‘tenter” to look after them from daybreak to dusk, the 
birds will eat the fruit before it is ripe. On a wall they can be 
protected with nets. 
Apples and Pears should be grown on espaliers, which are 
best made of galvanised wire with iron supports. By this means 
every shoot gets thoroughly exposed to the sun, and the growth 
is more easily kept in check. The value of pyramid and bush 
trees may be judged of by the fact, that in 18681 planted a 
considerable number of various kinds of Pears in my garden at 
Colwyn, which has a dry warm soil and a warm aspect, yet I 
never had anything like a crop except in the summer of 1879, 
as already mentioned. There are, however, two varieties of 
Pears which are honourable exceptions—the one a little known 
kind called Beurré Goubault, which ripens in September or 
October, and requires to be eaten at once, and the other, what 
I believe to be Louise Bonne, though it was sold to me as 
Beurré Hardy—a delicious Pear, but not a late keeper. On the 
other hand, Pears on a south-east wall of all kinds that I have 
tried bear well. I have not sufficient experience of them on 
espaliers. 
Much the same may be said of Apples, though some varieties 
of these will bear in almost any situation, and others in no 
situation. Among the former may be named Lord Suffield, 
which would be the finest kitchen Apple ever grown if it only 
kept longer, and among the latter an American variety called 
Northern Spy, which has not borne a single fruit in twelve 
years though trained on a south-east wall. But as the soil has 
no doubt much effect on different varieties this is not the place 
