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CAVES AND CAVE DEPOSITS. 175 
possibly may not in any such situation find the cave deposits of 
the age just before the submergence—such a cave as that of 
Cae Gwyn would have been swilled out quite clean by every 
tide. The drift settled down in the depths below, beyond the 
reach of wind and waves, where none but mermaids can have 
carried flint flakes into the caves. [But on re-elevation, behind 
this deposit and behind the limestone, there was a cave inhabited 
by the hyzna, and perhaps man, the wall of which subsequently 
broke in and formed a new opening.] That limestone talus 
should contain the remains of palzolithic man and other 
animals is not new. On the slopes of Mount Saléve, south of 
Geneva, flint flakes were found in abundance in such talus 
associated with bones of reindeer. That the infilling of these 
caves was not due to the waves is clear from the character and 
disposition of the deposits in Plas Heaton and Cae Gwyn. The 
shingle is not driven in to form a great upsloping bank, such as 
may be seen in any cave reached by the tide, as for instance 
round our own coasts in Devonshire, at St. David's, or further off 
on the shore below Biarritz—or even as seen in the caves along 
the shore of “the tideless dolorous midland sea,” where the 
wind-waves sort and carry the material in the same way, though 
ona smaller scale, into the caves along the Riviera. Next we 
may enquire whether it was possible that these caves of Plas 
Heaton and Cae Gwyn were formed and inhabited by man and 
the hyzena before the submergence, and that the mouths of each 
of these caves was sealed up by the Clwydian drift during the 
submergence. The reply to this is conclusive. In and_around 
the mouth of the cave pieces of north country rocks, granite, 
etc., were found. These came into the district first with the 
Clwydian drift. So no deposit containing north country granite 
can be earlier than the submergence, and the argument brought 
forward above against the caves having been occupied just as 
the sea was at their level applies to this other view also. The 
sea that could bring the drift and lay it on the bone breccia 
outside the mouth of the cave would have swept the breccia 
away or sorted it differently. If then the cave deposits cannot 
have been formed before the submergence, because rocks first 
brought into the district during the submergence are found in and 
at the mouth of the cave, and debris derived from this drift is 
found in the cave; and if further from the character and distri- 
bution of the cave deposits they cannot be due to marine action 
during the submergence, it follows that they must be referred to 
an age subsequent to the submergence; and we must now consider 
the associated drifts in view of this fact. First, then, I would 
point out that if the material which blocked the N.W. end of 
the cave were Clwydian drift it does not make the cave deposits 
pre-glacial, for as I have already shown in a paper read before 
the Chester Natural Science Society, November, 1880, the last 
glacial deposit was the boulder clay with blocks from Snowdon 
or Arenig, and the Clwydian drift is that older drift resorted 
during the submergence, which is shown by its fauna to be post- 
glacial. But this is not the only point. The drift blocked up 
