16 
sappeal to the imagination. When the hind part is thus turned 
forward its ventral surface of course becomes the dorsal sur ace of 
the abdomen of the supposed spider, and it is appropriately 
coloured and has an appearance of plumpness which greatly adds 
to the resemblance. When the larva is much irritated it gently 
moyes this hinder part from side to side, and with it the antenne- 
like appendages. This movement also adds to the general effect— 
(Colours of Animals, p. 279-80.) 
Another remarkable caterpillar is that of Bombyx reyalis, one of 
the largest of the nocturnal lepidoptera of America. When fall 
grown it is about five and a half inches in length. Each segment 
is armed with a few black setose spines. On the three segments 
immediately behind the head the spines are of very great length, 
curved and granular. When it raises its head and draws the 
anterior segments together it has a very formidable appearance, 
shaking its head from side to side as if preparing for an attack. 
By the natives of Virginia it was called the Hickory Horned Devil, 
and they were so afraid of it that they would not handle it, fearing 
it as much as a rattlesnake. Other kinds of protection, such ag 
long hair and tussock-like protuberances, we must cursorily 
mention. Familiar instances of these ogcur in those of the Garden 
Tiger (A. Caja) and the Pale Tussock (Dasychira pudibunda) better 
known as the Hop-Dog. On being attacked they roll themselves 
up in a ball, and, on handling them, hairs come out. On the larva 
-of the brown and gold tail moths being touched by the hand, 
a stinging sensation is felt, lasting in some cases for a few days. 
This, no doubt, would be very unpleasant to lizards and other 
insect-eating vertebrates. The caterpillar of one species of moth 
(Cataclysta lemnalis) passes the larva stage in and under water. The 
eggs are laid on the leaves of Lemna minor (the small duckweed that 
covers our ponds and ditches). On being hatched they soon spin up 
the leaves of the plant and make themselves a dwelling place. This 
is generally about half-an-inch in length, the leaves of which it is 
formed overlapping each other, but in an irregular manner, and so 
constructed that a leaf or two should hang down and mask the 
openings at the ends; then the occupant remains quiet within. 
This much resembles an accidental accumulation of some of the 
duckweed, so slight is the eminence which it causes above the 
general level of the surface. 
With the mention of the Psychide, or case-bearers, the larve of 
which cover themselves with pieces of grass and leaves, and so 
make a movable house, into which they retreat when alarmed, we 
must bring this portion of the subject to a close. 
We now come to the third stage of the existence of our insect, 
viz., that of the pupal or chrysalis stage. If it was almost defence- 
