2 34 ANURA CHAP. 



and live in holes in trees, which are so situated as to contain 

 more or less rain-water. They have a loud llute-like, musical 

 note, which they utter at irregular intervals, principally during 

 the night. Tlie form and size of the hole in which they are 

 seem to have a great deal to do with the loudness of the note, as 

 specimens when extracted from their holes have far more feeble 

 vocal powers tlian they had when in them. These frogs blow 

 themselves out with air, and look more like bladders than any- 

 thing else. When intiated they float on the surface of the water, 

 and will remain motionless for a long time, with legs and arms 

 stretched out." ^ 



CaJIula. — Tlie tongue is round, entire, and free behind. The 

 palatine bones form an acute, sometimes toothed ridge across the 

 palate ; two dermal serrated ridges in front of the oesophagus. 

 Fingers free, sometimes with dilated tips, supported by T-shaped 

 phalanges. Precoracoids and omosternum absent ; metasternum 

 cartilaginous. Pupil round. About seven species in the Indian 

 region. 



C. jjulchra. — The following account has been extracted from 

 Mr. S. S. Flower's observations : - — 



This pretty creature inhabits most of the warm portions of 

 the continental Indian region, from India and Ceylon to South 

 ( 'hina and Malacca. The back is a rich dark brown, divided from 

 the yellow of the head by a narrow black line which extends 

 from eye to eye and forw^ards to each nostril. A conspicuous 

 yellow band runs from the eyes to the hind-limbs. The sides of 

 the body and the limbs are mottled yellow and brown. The 

 under parts are dirty buff; the throat of the male is black. The 

 intensity of colouring varies individually and from time to time, 

 the contrast between the brown and yellow being occasionally 

 very brilliant. Total length up to 3 inches, the male being the 

 smaller sex. 



" 1 have been told by both English and natives that this frog 

 was unknown in Singapore until some nine or ten years ago, 

 when it was introduced by a half-caste (why, it is not known), 

 and that it rapidly spread about the island. It is now well 

 known as the ' Bullfrog ' by tlie English in Singapore, and 

 detested for the noise it makes at night. The voice of these 

 rotund animals can be heard every night after heavy rain ; it is 

 ^ S. S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1896, p. 910. - Ihid. p. 909. 



