40 BULLETIN NO. 3, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
In the more evenly disposed cotton, stiff fork apparatus, made light and 
shorter, to supply only four rows at each drive, and hung loosely upon 
hooks instead of eyes, without the ratchet lever elevator, and capable 
of being easily slid by hand to the left or right, as infringement on row 
crooks from time to time required, proved susceptible of use with due 
watchfulness ; but the eight-row machine was too heavy t6 be thus 
shifted by hand, and being stiff-backed with rigid descending pipes, no 
eight consecutive rows could be found regular enough to be callipered 
for much distance by this device. The inflexibility also prevented con- 
formability of the apparatus to inequalities of the ground, an eleva- 
tion straining hard on one descending pipe, lifting the others from the 
ground, ete., and the light, flexile, jointéd nozzle-arms, being borne 
upon severely by the stiff pipe system, soon became impaired, whereas. 
they had formerly and have since worked well on the yielding stem- 
pipes of the adjustable machines which were tested at the time of the 
Atlanta exposition, as well as in these last experiments. For under- 
spraying, this old-fashioned, stiff, cross-pipe system is shown to be wrong, 
as originally foreseen, unless some power can be brought to bear to en- 
force a system of greater straightness and equality in planting cotton. 
A considerable amount of the irregularity in rows has been attributed 
to the “ constitutional perversity and crookedness of the nigger,” ap- 
pearing from the bad execution of his instructions. But even if this could 
be corrected it is not the matter of vital importance, for the planter 
himself, as well as the field-hand, is guided by a natural principle 
which will always control and stand against any contrary theoretical 
or mechanical rule. According to “ the strength of the ground,” the size 
of plant it will produce, will the rows run wider or narrower in any par- 
ticular “cut” or part of a“ cut.” This accounts for the diverging and 
meandering rows, forthe many “ cuts” of a plantation differing among 
each other in their row-widths as observed everywhere. 
As to conveyances for underspraying apparatuses, it was found not 
desirable to use a wagon or cart of ordinary width (5 feet) in cotton 
only 3 feet wide or less, because of the much injury done to the plants 
by the wheels. Most of the cotton in the Carolinas, Georgia, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, and Mississippi comes within these dimensions ; hence 
a shorter special axle for the cart or wagon wheels should generally 
be employed in any conveyance for the apparatus. But where se- 
verely threatened by worms the ordinary wagon or cart will do less 
damage than the pest in any kind of cotton; and it is on this ac- 
count that wagons are already used to a considerable extent for trans- 
porting poison and broadcast spraying devices in all kinds of fields, 
Mr. A. T. Jones, near Selma, uses four mules on his heavy spraying 
machine. But ordinarily the common plantation cart will be found the 
most suitable vehicle. This or the lumber wagon will straddle rows 
4 feet apart or over without injury to the plants except in turning, 
and that is surprisingly small, being least with the cart. With shafts 
