6 
ural history as observed in Europe. Biological notes on the insect 
have also been given by Leinweber* and Kollar.t 
In our country the life history of the insect and its injury have been 
reterred to by Harris, Fitch, Morris, Walsh, and ourselves, while the 
agricultural papers contain numerous references to the injury inflicted 
by the insect. The perfect beetle has often been described in systematic 
works on Coleoptera. 
For these reasons we deem it unnecessary to enter here into a detailed 
description of the beetle and its earlier stages, but content ourselves 
with pointing out the more obvious characters, alluding to such facts of 
the life history as are necessary to a full understanding of the nature 
of the remedies to be applied for this pest. 
e 
xD fe a eee) 
Geconoreye ttc 
Fia. 1.—Galeruca xanthomelena: a, eggs; b, larvee; c, adults; e, eggs (enlarged); f, sculpture of egg; 
x¢ 
g, larva (enlarged); h, side view of greatly enlarged segment of larva; 7, dorsal view of 
same; j, pupa (enlarged); lJ, portion of elytron of beetle (greatly enlarged).—Atter Riley. 
The eggs are deposited in an upright position upon the under side of 
the leaves (Fig. 1 a), always in a group, consisting generally of two, rarely 
three, more or less irregular rows. The individual eggs are close together 
in each group (Fig. 1 e, magnified), and so firmly fastened to the leaf 
that they can only be detached with great care without breaking the thin 
and brittle shell. The number of eggs in each group varies from four 
or five to twenty or more. Very rarely only three eggs are seen in one 
Sa>* 
* Verhandlungen zool. bot. Ges., Wien, 1856, vi; Sitzb., pp. 74-75. 
t Op. cit., 1858, vir; Abh., pp. 29-30. 
