FUNNELS MADE ABOVE GROUND. 9 
The natural history and transformations of the species have been de- 
seribed in the standard works of both Harris and Fitch, and in this 
connection I will merely mention a few facts not recorded by these au- 
thors. 
Mr. S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., who has himself witnessed four 
of their periodical visits, at intervals of seventeen years, discovered the 
following very ingenious provision which the pupz (Fig. 2, a) made | 
in 1868, in localities that were low or flat, and in which the drain. 
age was imperfect. He says: “We had a series of heavy rains here 
about the time of their first appearance, and in such places and under 
such circumstances the pup would continue their galleries from 4 to 6 
inches above ground (Fig. 3, a full view, b sectional view), leaving an 
orifice of egress even with the surface (Fig 3, e). In the upper end of 
these chambers the pup would be found awaiting their approaching 
time of change (Fig. 3, c). They 
would then back down to below 
the level of the earth, as at d, and 
issuing forth from the orifice, 
would attach themselves to the 
first object at hand and undergo 
their transformations in the usu- 
al manner.” Mr. Rathvon kind- 
ly furnished me with one of these 
elevated chambers, from which 
the accompanying drawings were 
made. Itmeasured about4 inches 
in length, with a diameter on the 
inside of five-eighths of an inch, 
and on the outside of about 14 Fic. 3.—Seventeen-year Cicada: Galleries made by 
¢ pupa; a, front view; e, orifice; b, section; ¢, pupa 
inches. It was slightly bent at — awaiting time of change; d, pupa ready to trans- 
form. (After Riley.) 
the top and sufficiently hard to 
earry through the mail without breaking. The inside was roughened 
with the imprints of the spines with which the fore legs of the builder 
are armed. Ina field that was being plowed near Saint Louis, about the 
time of their ascent, I found that single, straight or bent, chambers 
were the most common, though there were sometimes several branching 
near the surface from a main chamber below, each of the branches con- 
taining a pupa. The same observations have been made by other 
parties. These holes are cylindrical and are evidently made by appress- 
ing the earth on all sides and throwing the refuse to the bottom, which 
must be quite a feat when they penetrate hard roads or come up be- 
tween two rocks, as they frequently do. 
The larvie are frequently found at a great depth, notwithstanding the 
denial of the fact. Thus Mr. Henry Sadorus, of Port Byron, Ill, who 
built a house in 1853, found that they came up through the bottom of his 
cellar in 1854, the cellar being over 5 feet deep, and Mr. F. Guy, of 
