COLOR AND COLORATION 211 
lines, a very common style of ornamentation, especially in 
moths. Or, again, starting with the submarginal shade, this 
may send shoots or tongues of dark color a short distance 
toward the base, giving a serrate inner border to the marginal 
shade; when now this breaks up into one, two, or more lines 
or narrow stripes, these stripes become zigzag, or the inner 
ones may be zigzag, while the outer ones are plain—a very 
common phenomenon. 
“A basis such as this is sufficient to account for all the modi- 
fications of simple transverse markings which adorn the wings 
of Lepidoptera.” 
Briefly, one or more bands may break up into spots or bars, 
the breaks occurring either between the veins or, more com- 
monly, at the veins; and in the latter event, short bars or more 
or less quadrate or rounded spots arise in the interspaces. 
From simple round spots there may develop, as Darwin and 
others have shown, many-colored eye-like spots, or ocelli. 
Mayer gives the following laws of color pattern: “ (a) Any 
spot found upon the wing of a butterfly or moth tends to be 
bilaterally symmetrical, both as regards form and color; and 
the axis of symmetry is a line passing through the center of 
the interspace in which the spot is found, parallel to the longi- 
tudinal nervures. (b) Spots tend to appear not in one inter- 
space only, but in homologous places in a row of adjacent 
interspaces. (c) Bands of color are often made by the fusion 
of a row of adjacent spots, and, conversely, chains of spots are 
often formed by the breaking up of bands. (d) When in 
process of disappearance, bands of color usually shrink away 
at one end. (e) The ends of a.series of spots are more vari- 
able than the middle. (f) The position of spots situated near 
the outer edges of the wing is largely controlled by the wing- 
folds or creases.” 
These results have been arrived at chiefly by the study of 
the variations presented by color patterns. 
Variation in Coloration.—It is safe to say that no two 
insects are colored exactly alike. Some species, however, are 
