ADAPTIVE COLORATION 231 
“2. That many, probably most species, dislike, 1f not in- 
tensely, at any rate in comparison with other butterflies, the 
warningly-colored Danainz, Acrea viole, Delias eucharis, and 
Papilio aristolochie; of these the last being the most distaste- 
ful, and the Danainze the least so. 
“2. ‘That the mimics of these aré at any fate relatively 
palatable, and that the mimicry is commonly effectual under 
natural conditions. 
“4. That each bird has separately to acquire its experience, 
and well remembers what it has learned. 
“That therefore on the whole, the theory of Wallace and 
Bates 1s supported by the facts detailed in this and my former 
papers, so far as they deal with birds (and with the one mam- 
mal used). Professor Poulton’s suggestion that animals may 
be forced by hunger to eat unpalatable forms is also more 
than confirmed, as the unpalatable forms were commonly eaten 
without the stimulus of actual hunger—generally, also, I may 
add, without signs of dislike.”’ 
Though insects have many vertebrate and arthropod ene- 
mies, it is probable that the evolution of mimetic resemblance, 
implying warning coloration, has been brought about chiefly 
by insectivorous birds. 
Neglecting papers of minor importance, we may pass at 
once to the most important contribution upon this subject— 
the voluminous work of Marshall and Poulton upon mimicry 
and warning colors in South African insects. These investi- 
gators have found that birds are to be counted as the principal 
enemies of butterflies; that the Danainze and Acrzeinze, which 
are noted as models, are particularly immune from destruc- 
tion, while unprotected forms suffer; and that mimicking, 
though palatable species, share the freedom of their models. 
The same is true of beetles, of which Coccinellide, Mala- 
codermide (notably Lycus), Cantharidze and many Chryso- 
melide serve as models for many other Coleoptera, being 
“conspicuous and constantly refused by insect-eaters.” In 
short, the splendid work of Marshall and Poulton tends to 
