234 ENTOMOLOGY 
such as the basal red touches in the normal Pierines, an elabo- 
rate and practically perfect mimetic pattern may be evolved 
therefrom by simple and easy stages.” 
Furthermore (in answer to the second question), it does not 
tax the imagination to admit that any one of these color pat- 
terns has 
at least occasionally—been sufficiently suggestive 
of the heliconid type to preserve the hfe of its possessor; espe- 
cially when both bird and insect were on the wing and perhaps 
some distance apart, when even a momentary flash of red or 
yellow from a pierid might be enough to save it from attack. 
It is highly desirable, of course, that this plausible explana- 
tion should be tested as far as possible by observations in the 
field and by experiments as well. 
Adaptive Colors in General.—Several classes of adaptive 
colors have been discriminated and defined by Poulton, whose 
classification, necessarily somewhat arbitrary but nevertheless 
very useful, is given below, in its abridged form. 
I. APATETIC COLORS.—Colors resembling some part of the en- 
vironment or the appearance of another species. 
A. Cryptic Corors.—Protective and Aggressive Resemblances. 
1. Procryptic colors.—Protective Resemblances.—Conceal- 
ment as a protection against enemies. Example: Kal- 
lima butterfly. 
2. Anticryptic colors—Agegressive Resemblances.—Conceal- 
ment in order to facilitate attack. Example: Mantids 
with leaf-like appendages. 
B. PsreuposemMatic Corors.—False warning and signalling colors. 
1. Pseudaposematic colors.—Protective Mimicry. Example: 
Bee-like fly. 
2. Pseudepisematic colors ——Ageressive Mimicry and Allur- 
ing Coloration. Examples: Volucella, resembling bees 
(Fig. 246); Flower-like mantid. 
Il. SEMATIC COLORS.—Warning and Signalling Colors. 
1. Aposematic colors —Warning Colors. Examples: Gaudy 
colors of stinging insects. 
2. Episematic colors—Recognition Markings. 
III. EPIGAMIC COLORS.—Colors Displayed in Courtship. 
Such of these classes as have not already been discussed 
Heed brie Telerence, 
