INTERRELATIONS OF INSECTS 327 
to the brood and bees. The work of sealing with waxen caps 
then goes forward rapidly, the covering being more or less 
porous. Each kind of honey has its distinctive flavor and 
aroma, derived, as already indicated, mainly from the particu- 
lar blossoms by which it was secreted, but modified and soft- 
ened by the manipulation given it in the hives. The last three 
paragraphs are taken from Benton’s useful manual. 
The phenomenon of “ swarming ”’ results from the tremen- 
dous reproductive capacity of the queen, though it is immedi- 
ately an instance of positive phototropism, as Kellogg has 
shown.. Accompanied by most of the workers, the old queen 
abandons the hive to establish a new colony. The workers 
that remain behind have provided against this contingency, 
however, and the departed queen is soon, if not already, re- 
placed by a new one. 
Determination of Caste.—The difference between queen 
and worker depends solely upon nutrition, both forms being 
derived from precisely the same kind of egg. To produce a 
queen, a large cell of special form is constructed, and its occu- 
pant, instead of being weaned, is fed almost entirely upon the 
highly nutritious secretion which worker grubs receive only at 
first and in limited quantity. This nitrogenous food, the 
product of cephalic glands, develops the reproductive system 
in proportion to the amount received. Drone larve get much 
of it, though not so much as queens, while an occasional excess 
of this “ royal jelly ’ is believed to account for the abnormal 
appearance of fertile workers. 
Parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, is 
known to occur in the bee, as well as in various other insects. 
The always unfertilized eggs of workers produce invariably 
drones, as do also unfertilized eggs of the queen. Probably 
the queen cannot control the sex of her eggs, as she has long 
been supposed to do, for Dickel has recently found, among 
other revolutionary facts, that all the eggs of the normal 
mother bee are fertilized. 
