DISTRIBUTION 373 
Families. Species. Genera. Endemic Genera. 
Carabide, 51 7 7 
Staphylinide, 19 3 I 
Nitidulide, 38 2 I 
Elateridz, 7 I I 
Ptinidee (Anobiin1), 19 3 3 
Cioide, 19 I O 
Aglycyderide, 30 I I 
Curculionidz (Cossonini), 21 ) B 
Cerambycide, 10 I I 
Sharp writes: “ I think it may be looked on as certain that 
these islands are the home of a large number of peculiar spe- 
cies not at present existing elsewhere, and if so it follows that 
either they must have existed formerly elsewhere and migrated 
to the islands, and since have become extinct in their original 
homes, or that they must have been produced within the 
islands. This last seems the simpler and more probable sup- 
position, and it appears highly probable that there has been a 
large amount of endemic evolution within the limits of these 
isolated islands.” 
The parasitic Hymenoptera of Hawai, according to Ash- 
mead, number 14 families, 69 genera and 128 species; only 
eleven genera are endemic and most of the other genera are 
represented in nearly all the known faune of the earth. Ash- 
mead concurs in the view that the Hawaiian fauna was origi- 
nally derived from the Australasian fauna—the view held by 
all the specialists who have studied Hawaiian insects. 
Geographical Varieties.— Darwin found that wide-ranging 
species are as a rule highly variable. The cosmopolitan but- 
terfly Vanessa cardui presents striking variations in different 
parts of the earth, largely on account of climatal differences, 
as is indicated by the temperature experiments of several inves- 
tigators. Standfuss exposed German pupz of this insect to 
cold, and obtained thereby a dark variety such as occurs in Lap- 
land; and by the influence of warmth, obtained a very pale form 
such as occurs normally in the tropics only. Our Cyaniris 
pseudargiolus, which ranges from Alaska into Mexico and 
