370 ENTOMOLOGY 
here the Heliconiidze and Papihonidz attain their highest 
development, as do also the Cerambycidz, or longicorn beetles. 
The Ethiopian realm consists of Africa south of the Sahara, 
Southern Arabia and Madagascar; though some prefer to 
regard Madagascar as a distinct realm, the Lemurian. Ac- 
cording to Wallace, the Ethiopian realm has seventy-five pecu- 
liar genera of Carabide and is marvelously rich in Cetontidee 
and Lyczenide. 
The Oriental realm includes India, Ceylon, Tropical China, 
and the Western Malay Islands. In the richness of its insect 
fauna, this realm vies with the Neotropical. Danaidz and 
Papilionide are abundant, while the genus A/orpho is repre- 
sented by some forty species; of Coleoptera, Buprestidz are 
important and Lucanidz especially so. 
The Australian realm embodies Australia, New Zealand, the 
Eastern Malay Islands and Polynesia. Buprestidz are here 
represented by forty-seven genera, of which twenty are pecu- 
liar; against this showing, the Oriental has forty-one genera 
and the Neotropical thirty-nine (Wallace). Strong affinities 
are said to exist between the Australian and Neotropical insect 
faunze. 
Life Zones of North America.—Merriam, the chief au- 
thority upon the subject, says: “ The continent of North 
America may be divided, according to the distribution of its 
animals and plants, into three primary transcontinental regions 
—Boreal, Austral and Tropical.’ (Pl. 4.) 
The Boreal region covers the northern part of the continent 
to about the northern boundary of the United States and con- 
tinues southward along the higher portions of the mountain 
ranges. This region is divided into three transcontinental 
zones: (1) the Arctic-Alpine, lying above the limits of tree 
growth, in latitude or altitude; (2) the Hudsonian, compris- 
ing the northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous 
forest and the upper timbered slopes of the highest mountains 
of the United States and Mexico; (3) the Canadian, covering 
the remainder of the Boreal region. The butterfly Erynnis 
manitoba (ig. 292) is strictly boreal in distribution. 
