390 ENTOMOLOGY 
cies taken from the noted Miocene beds of C#ningen, nearly 
one half were Coleoptera, followed by neuropteroid forms 
(seventeen per cent.) and Hymenoptera (fourteen per cent.) ; 
ants were twice as numerous in species as they are at present 
in Europe. Almost half the known species of fossil insects 
have been described from the Miocene of Europe. To the 
Miocene belongs the indusial limestone of Auvergne, France, 
where extensive beds—in some places two or three meters 
deep—consist for the most part of the calcified larval cases of 
caddis flies. 
At Florissant, as contrasted with CEningen by Scudder, 
Hymenoptera constitute 40 per cent. of the specimens, owing 
chiefly to the predominance of ants; Diptera follow with 30 
per cent. and then Coleoptera with 13 per cent. Modern fam- 
ilies are represented in great profusion. The material from 
Florissant and neighboring localities includes a Lepisma, fit- 
teen species of Psocidze, over thirty species of Aphidide, and 
over one hundred species of Elateridze, while the Rhynchoph- 
ora number 193 species as against 150 species from the 
Tertiary of Europe. Tipu- 
lide are abundant and ex- 
quisitely preserved, while 
Bibionidz, as compared with 
Fic. 300. 
their present numbers, are 
surprisingly common. Nu- 
merous masses of eggs oc- 
cur, undoubtedly sialid and 
closely like those of Cory- 
dalis. Sialid characters, in- 
Pip dine Gerserhbid-oa tesa Ohatterdy A eCUs Eppeak a ilie wallet 
from Colorado. Natural size. — After fossils known, and are 
ScuDDER. 
strongly manifest through- 
out the fossil series, though among recent insects Sialide oc- 
cupy only a subordinate place. Strange to say, few aquatic 
insects have been found in this ancient lake basin. 
Fossil butterflies are among the greatest rarities, only sev- 
