INDIAN CYPRINIDZ. 235 
Linneus when he compared ruminating quadrupeds to gallinaceous birds,* 
both of which evince the greatest intelligence, docility, and contentment 
under the domestication of man.” Appendages to the head, whether in the 
shape of horns, crests, or fleshy protuberances, and the property of affording 
wholesome and nutritious food, and otherwise contributing to the ease and 
support of man, are according to Swainson the chief attributes of the type 
to which the above analogy refers. 
30. The Elephant, horned cattle, domestic poultry, etc. are common 
instances of the type alluded to, and if we compare their properties in 
their respective circles, with the Cyprinide in the order of abdominal mala- 
copterygians, we may venture perhaps to look upon that family as the equi- 
valent in its circle, to other rasorial groups in theirs. 
31. The mouth of Cyp. Calbasus, Buch. is small, and directed downwards, 
the anterior lip is compressed by a pendulous muscular snout to which 
four short muscular cirri, different from the nervous filaments of Siluride 
are attached,} and the posterior lip is fixed to the ligamentous union of 
the transverse apophyses of the lower jaw. In the Cirrhins the lower 
jaw is composed of two short branches or bony limbs, obliquely inclined 
towards each other from their articulation to the blunt apex of the jaw, 
where they are united by ligaments instead of symphysis at the approxi- 
* Such analogies were, as Mr. Macleay has shewn, known to Aristotle, by whom however, as well 
as all subsequent writers up to the time of Mr. Macleay himself, they were mistaken for affinities. 
+ The cirri of Cyprinidce are soft and capable of being contracted and elongated, as well 
as the loose muscular appendages of the snout to which they are attached, particularly in the 
genus Cirrhinus Cuy. ; but in Pzmelodus aor, Buch. and most of the Szurtd@ I find the cirri are 
flat and cartilaginous, with a groove on either edge for the protection of a large nerve, an artery, 
and a vein. A cirrus so constructed is incapable of muscular action, and is strictly an organ 
of sense only, and not of prehension as in Cyprinédee, and ought to be called a filament. 
