249, INDIAN CYPRINID. 
apophysis is given off on either side, so as to meet nearly in the middle, 
where they are united by ligaments and muscles at the chin, which is 
square, with a fissure in the middle. 
The lower jaw of the Barbels is composed of two longer limbs (Fig 6. 
Plate 54) articulated behind as in the Cirrhins, but without transverse 
apophyses in front, where the two bones are united by symphysis, or close 
union firmly cemented as it were with cartilage. 
In the Gudgeons the chin is rounded horizontally without the depression 
in the middle observed in that of the Cirrhins, or the acute lengthened apex 
of the Barbels, and is composed of a solid bony rim formed of a transverse 
process directed from each corner of the mouth to the centre, where it is 
firmly united to its fellow by symphysis at the chin; at the corners of the 
mouth these transverse processes turn backwards at right angles (as in Cyp. 
bata, Buch. Fig 3, Plate 54) and sometimes at still greater angles as in (Fig 2, 
Plate 54) Cyp. mrigala, Buch. This last process is articulated behind to the 
anterior process of the preoperculum, and corresponds with Cuvier’s angular 
bone in the Perch. 
42. The angular transverse processes in this last form have every 
appearance of being two distinct pieces (c. and d. Fig. 2, Plate 54) consolidated 
in adults by a bony union at the corner of the mouth, yet formed from 
distinct centres of osseous deposit. Now as these three forms are each 
attended with peculiar traits of character in regard to the nature of food 
and the manner of obtaining it, as well as in the structure of their digestive 
organs, we may be sufficiently justified in regarding them as characterizing 
three types which, if we like, we may term primary. This view is farther 
supported by the fact that, to one or other of the three forms in question, 
variously modified, the lower jaw of all the Cyprins of this country may 
