INDIAN CYPRINID. 245 
be referred. In Cyprinus semiplotus (Fig. 1, Plate 54) the angular pro- 
cess is merged into the transverse, the first being only distinguished by 
the pterygoid process (c. Fig. 1, Plate 54), which we know from all the 
other species examined to belong to the angular limb (d. Fig. 2, Plate 54) and 
not to the transverse process on which it is in this species placed, while the 
analogy to the type of the Gudgeons is preserved by an additional transverse 
bone being placed parallel to, and in front of the first (e. e. Figs. 1 and 2, 
Plate 54.) Of the positive value of these characters, I may mention that 
Cyprinus mrigala, Buch. is indicated by Cuvier as a Cirrhinus, but proved 
by this method of analysis to belong to the Gudgeons (Godio prop. J. M.) 
having as well as the peculiar affinity here pointed out, the lengthened 
alimentary canal of that genus. Cyprinus prop. Cuvier, I suspect will be 
found according to these principles to agree in its natural affinities either 
with the Barbels or Cirrhins, as the length of the dorsal and the presence 
or absence of a spinous ray are scarcely sufficient distinctions even for a 
sub-genus; and the Catastomi and Labeos of America will, I presume, be 
found to arrange themselves naturally with the Cirrhins. 
The lower jaw of the Gonorhynchs is composed of two limbs placed 
nearly parallel to each other, and as in the Cirrhins not united in front, 
but with this peculiarity—that the os hyoides is prolonged to the chin, at which 
situation the anterior extremities of the three bones are tied together with 
ligaments.* 
In the Opsarions, and generally throughout the Sarcoborine, the second 
form of jaw prevails, with the addition of being more acute at the 
symphysis; this form also seems to prevail in the Cobztine, but in these the 
* Vide Jour. As. Soe. Beng. 1835. p. 40, where I described this structure in Gonorhynchus 
petrophilus. 
