4 
scales are crushed by scraping, a yellowish oily liquid will appear, 
resulting from the crushing of the soft yellow insects beneath the scales 
and this will at once indicate to one 
who is not familiar with their ap- 
pearance the existence of healthy 
living scales on the trees. 
They are easily scraped off with 
the finger nail, and the bark beneath 
them will be seen to be darker in 
color. Thenatural color of the bark 
is also somewhat changed, as will be 
seen by comparing the places from 
which the scales have been removed 
with the spots upon which the scales 
do not occur. The outlines of the 
removed scales will be noticed upon 
the bark, and the circumference is 
frequently changed in color, becom- 
Fig. 2.—San José Scale: Apple branch with ing somewhat purplish. Where the 
scales in situ—natural size; enlarged scales 
abovorat lethe (Oriel) scales do not occur so thickly they 
are more perceptible, and upon 
young, reddish twigs the contrast is quite noticeable, as the scales there 
appear light gray. The younger and smaller scales are darker in color 
than the older and larger ones, and 
sometimes appear quite black, while 
the still younger ones are yellowish. 
During winter the insect is to be “~ 
found in the half-grown or nearly 
full-grown condition. The young 
begin to hatch and to crawl from 
under the female scales shortly after 
the trees leaf out, and from this time 
through the summer there is a con- 
stant succession of generations. The 
young louse is an active, crawling 
creature, very minute, and yellowish 
incolor. The young spread out 
upon the new growth of the tree, set- 
tle down, and each begins to secrete 
a scale. During its traveling stage 
it possesses the characters shown at 
Fig.3. The male is an active, two- 
winged insect, and is shown at Fig. 
4. The full-grown female loses her 
yw) STMT 
aes 
Bees 
Fic. 3.—San José Seale: a, young larva—greatly 
enlarged; b, antenna of same—still more en- 
larged. 
(Original.) 
legs and antenne, and bears a very slight resemblance to a living 
insect. In this stage, the species is shown at Fig. 5 
5 
