6 
rows, and also to some extent along the side ribs. The infested leaves 
turn brown, but do not have a tendency to fall as a result of the 
damage. 
HOW THE INSECT SPREADS. 
Aside from the transportation of the insect upon nursery stock, it 
may be carried upon fruit sent to market. These are its principal 
modes of travel from one part of the country to another. In orchards 
and in neighborhoods its spread is in the newly hatched condition only. 
The female is wingless and after once becoming fixed can not move; 
the male alone is winged. The young lice, as before stated, are active, 
and crawl with considerable rapidity and great persistence, so that 
they may descend from one tree and crawl for a number of yards to 
another tree. The spread in this manner, however, is comparatively 
insignificant. Strong winds may carry the young bodily from one tree 
to another, but the principal method of spread of these young lice is 
by means of other insects which are winged, and by birds. The active 
young lice will soon crawl upon a small winged insect, particularly if 
the latter is of a dark color, and are carried by it to considerable dis- 
tances. The young lice also crawl upon the feet of birds which visit 
the tree and may thus be carried for miles. They are often found 
crawling upon ants, and ants, as everyone knows, are great travelers. 
REMEDIES. 
Where trees are found to have become badly infested the safest and, 
in the long run, the most economical course will be to cut them down 
and burn them, trunk and branch. Where the infestation is less 
marked, insecticide washes and sprays may be used. The young lice, 
before they have begun to secrete scales (and at this time they can 
only be discovered with the help of a magnifying glass), may be 
destroyed by spraying with kerosene-soap emulsion. A formula for 
this mixture follows: 
Kierosen@es vise sen tp net cic aye oaks) een nee eee gallons... 2 =67 per cent. 
ihe =33 per cent. 
Common soap or whale-oil soap:.-----. 22-52-25. s22- awit Be 
Wraiter: Sto one ee epee eee eats ey er gallon .- 
Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene; 
churn the mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for five 
or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream which thick- 
ens upon cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of 
glass. If the water from the soil is hard, or has a large percentage of 
lime, add a little lye or bicarbonate of soda, or else use rain water. 
For use against scale-insects dilute one part of the emulsion with nine 
parts of cold water. 
For the older scales, the washes may be aaaned into those which can 
be used in summer without damage to the trees, and those which are 
so strong that they can only be applied during the winter season when 
vie tree is dormant. None of the summer washes are perfectly effica- 
