2I 
of the land is preserved under water, and may eventually form 
. new sedimentary rocks. Deposition is correlative with denudation. 
If the submarine deposits are to form dry land there must clearly 
be a change in the relative level of land and water. Whilst some 
authorities assume that the sea-level has fallen, it is rather the 
elevation of the land that is suggested by such phenomena as 
those of ‘‘raised beaches.” By means of earth movements the 
rocks may be thrown into folds, which have a marked effect on 
scenery. Under great superincumbent weight of rock, folding 
May occur without fracture, as in the flow of solids. The upper- 
most part of the earth’s crust forms a zone of fracture, whilst 
at great depths there may be a zone of flowage. Fractures may 
give rise to faults, and these dislocations in some cases affect 
scenery, though they frequently have but curiously little direct 
effect on surface features. An elevated block of land bounded ~ 
by faults, along which the lateral masses have fallen, constitutes 
a “horst.” The physical structure of Scotland was briefly de- 
scribed, and attention called to the great N.E. boundary faults, 
the Highlands forming a horst and the Midland Valley a great 
fault-bounded depression. The Caledonian structural lines (N.E.) 
were contrasted with the Charnian folds (N.W.). Rock sculpture 
is chiefly effected by agents of meteoric or subaérial denudation. 
fEolian erosion often tends to give isolated masses a tapering 
base, whilst pluvial denudation tends rather to produce tapering 
summits, as illustrated by earth pillars. Frost and thaw and 
glacial action were noted as agents in the formation of scenery. 
Rain and rivers usually produce superficial concavities, while ice 
may form convexities, and the sea tends to produce a plain. 
Streams either excavate valleys or form alluvial plains, according 
to their velocity. The northern and western parts of Britain 
are formed of ancient rocks (Palzozoic or earlier), which are usually 
much indurated, folded, and invaded by igneous rocks; whilst 
the southern and eastern parts are mainly formed of newer rocks 
(Neozoic), which are less hard, less disturbed, and not associated 
with the igneous rocks. Hence a marked difference in the scenery 
of the two divisions. Thus the coast on the N.W. is characterised 
by high cliffs and jutting headlands, that on the S.E. by low shores 
and rounded contours. Inland the N.W. consists mostly of 
mountain masses and barren moorlands ; the S.E. of fertile plains 
and gently undulating uplands. Again, the rivers of the N.W. 
are generally short and rapid; those of the S.E. long, sluggish 
and navigable. 
The Society is indebted to the Editor of the Hampstead and 
Highgate Express for assistance in reporting the above meetings, 
> 
Ce Te gree Ree gee ee en ee re ae 
AR sey. 
