16 
enterprise. However perfect the lens, the photograph will not 
be trustworthy unless the photographer takes care to keep the 
plate vertical in the camera; and even then, if a wide angle of 
view be included, there will still be such distortion near the margin 
as is inherent in all representations of solid objects on a flat surface. 
Friday, May 3rd. Sir Samuel Wilks, Bart., F.R.S., President» 
in the chair. 
Dr. Arthur John Hubbard and Mr. George Hubbard, F.S.A., 
F.R.1.B.A., gave addresses on ‘* The Works of Pre-historic Men 
in the South of England.” Dr. Hubbard began by attempting 
to estimate approximately the date of the period which is spoken 
of as the Neolithic Age. He said that the Christian Era was 
approximately 2,000 years old. At the commencement of the 
Christian Era Stonehenge was approximately 2,000 years old. 
When Stonehenge was brand new then the Great Pyramid was 
approximately 2,000 years old. When the Great Pyramid was 
brand new then the Sphinx was in need of repair. He was inclined 
to refer the earthworks on the English Downs rather to the period 
of the Sphinx than to that of the Great Pyramid. Two phases 
of culture can be defined in the age which is known as the Neolithic 
Age—the earlier Hill Period and the later Plain Period. The men 
of the Hill Period were exclusively earth-workers, and lived only 
upon the hill-tops. As a justification of speaking of a life which 
was lived at such an extremely remote period, Dr. Hubbard pointed 
out that on the uplands of the Downs the turf has preserved for 
us the works of a man in a manner which would be impossible 
elsewhere. The earthworks of the later period fall into four 
groups :—I. Embankments and trenches. 2.Cattle-ways. 3. Level 
platforms. 4. Dew Ponds. Embankments and trenches.—These, 
as in the case of all the camps on the top of the Downs, are breast- 
works, and were evidently designed to afford protection against 
projectiles fired at short range. These camps were the forts in 
which pre-historic man defended himself against the arrows of 
his human adversaries, and here, also, his cattle were herded. 
He then referred to the cattle-ways, giving as an instance the 
cattle-ways on Cissbury Camp or Hill, Devil’s Dyke. He next 
dealt with the question, why men in this period lived only upon 
hill-tops, finding the answer in the existence of level platforms 
at the bases of the hills in some parts of the country known as 
“ Shepherd’s Steps.” These gigantic platforms, being breast-works, 
were intended as a protection against a foe who used no projectiles, 
and, being always at a distance from the camp, as a defence against 
an enemy whose operations were intended to secure a part in the 
cattle. This enemy was the wolf, and an instance was given | 
