66 A CHAPTER IN THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE PAST, 
instance, we find that the overlying Permian does not participate 
in the great folds of the underlying rock, or if we find great faults, 
which it can be shown have resulted from the Pennine upheaval, 
affecting the Carboniferous Rocks and not the overlying Permian, 
it is evident enough that the Pennine uplift must have taken place 
prior to the Permian epoch. 
Nearly twenty years ago Professor Hull came to the conclusion 
that the folding of the rocks in the Pennine Chain was of two 
distinct ages; whilst admitting that the east and west foldings 
were of pre-Permian age, he contended that the north and south 
folds must have been produced after the deposition of the 
Permian. ‘The unsoundness of the latter opinion was shown not 
very long ago by Mr. E. Wilson and Mr, J. J. H. Teall, who 
instanced proof, that the north and south flexures must also be 
considered as pre-Permian. I am inclined to dwell upon this 
point for a moment, since I think our own neighbourhood affords 
an opportunity of testing the question, even better perhaps than 
some of the districts selected by the geologists 1 have named. 
I have stated that the North and South corrugations of the 
Pennine area may be traced southward into the region of our 
Ashby Coalfield. Here we have also certain beds which I 
have recently proved to be of Permian age, and which were 
evidently not laid down until all the great* North and South 
earth movements of the Carboniferous Period had attained a 
maximum, thus leading irresistibly to the conclusion that the 
Pennine upheaval was entirely pre-Permian. On this subject 
I may possibly have more to say to you later on in the Session. 
You may now feel inclined to ask, What is the use of all 
this? How can a knowledge of the distribution of land and 
water in a period removed from our day by perhaps millions 
* It is too often assumed by geologists that the common arrangement 
in a disturbed district of folds and faults running at right angles to each 
other, forming what are known as a conjugate series, must have been 
produced by two distinct acts of lateral compression. It seems to me that 
the key to these phenomena is to be found in the beautiful experiments of 
Daubree on the influence of torsion and pressure upon the fracture of solid 
bodies, and that conjugate series both of faults and folds are best explained 
on the supposition of their contemporaneous origin. 
