Pals Barto OG 
REPORT ON THE STAPENHILL EXPLORATIONS. 181 
unlikely, and it seems much more probable that some funeral rite 
necessitated the placing of lumps of scoria or iron ore, or, at any 
rate, iron of some kind which had been subjected to the action of 
fire, in the graves of certain persons. Such have been found in 
two graves at Stapenhill, also at Duffield Castle, and in two 
graves at Fairford. 
PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. 
Sometimes, though rarely in the graves of men, but very 
frequently in those of women and children, are found ornaments 
of various kinds, such as brooches or fibule, buckles, rings, 
amulets, ear-rings, bulee or neck pendants, chatelaines, beads, 
small iron knives, pins or stilettos, tweezers, combs, and numerous 
other small articles, almost infinite in their variety. In all 
probability those personal ornaments of the common kind and 
ruder make were manufactured in Britain, but certainly the more 
costly articles were imported from the neighbouring Continent, 
probably from Paris, for several of them show in their style of 
ornamentation wide deviations from the characteristic Teutonic 
type, and appertain more to the Byzantine. 
The Anglo-Saxon fibulz are of two very distinct kinds—those 
of the circular form and those resembling examples of the Roman 
period, and known as the cruciform pattern. The circular fibulz, 
which were often of gold, and highly ornamented with gems and 
filagree work, may be classed under two heads, and which, for 
want of a better term, might be denominated the convex and 
concave. Circular fibulz of the convex type are very common 
in the burial-grounds and barrows of Kent, and seem to have 
been characteristic ornaments of the Jutes. 
The circular fibulz of the concave type, so far as has yet been 
ascertained, are peculiar to the counties of Gloucester, Oxford, 
and Buckingham, and mark the settlement in those parts of some 
of the Saxon tribes. 
The cruciform fibulze are extremely common in the cemeteries 
and barrows of Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Northampton, 
Cambridge, and Yorkshire, as well as in Suffolk and Norfolk ; 
