Chap. L 



GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF ANIMALS. 



31 



sal is this association, not only at present but in all past geological ages, that I 

 consider it as a sufficient reason to exjiect, that fishes will be found in those few 

 fossiliferous beds of the Silurian System, in which thus far they have not yet been 

 found.^ Upon land, we find equally everywhere Vertebrata, Articulata, and Mollusks, 

 but no Radiata, this whole l)ranch being limited to the waters; but as far as terres- 

 trial animals extend, we find representatives of the other three branches associated, 

 as we find them all four in the sea. Classes have already a more limited range of 

 distribution. Among Eadiata, the Polypi, Acalephs, and Echinoderms^ are not only 

 all aquatic, they are all marine, with a single exception,^ the genus Hydra, which 

 inhabits fresh waters. Among Mollusks,* the Acephala are all aquatic, but partly 

 marine and partly fluviatile, the Gasteropoda partly marine, partly fluviatile and 

 partly terrestrial, while all Cephalopoda are marine. Among Articulata,^ the Worms 

 are partly marine, partly fluviatile, and partly terrestrial, Avhile many are internal 



' See, above, Sect. 7. 



' For the gcograpliii'al distribution of Radiata, 

 consult: Dana, (.J. D.,) Zoophytes. United States 

 Exploring E.xpedition, under the command of Ch. 

 Wilkes, U. S. N., Philadelphia, 1846, 1 vol. 4to. 

 Atlas fol. — Milxe-Edwakds et Haime, (.Jul.,) 

 Reclierches sur les Polypiers, Ann. Sc. Nat. 3e ser. 

 vol. 9-18, Paris, 1848-52, 8vo. — Esciischoltz, 

 (Fr.,) System der Acalephen, Berlin, 1820, 4to. fig. 

 — Lesson, (R. Pr.,) Hisloire naturelle des Zoophy- 

 tes, Acalephes, Paris, 1843, 1 vol. 8vo. fig. — Ki^JLLr- 

 KER, (A.,) Die Schwimnipolypen und Siphonophoren 

 von Messina, Leipzic, 1853, 1 vol. fol. fig. — Mul- 

 I.ER, (.1.,) und Troschel, (F. II.,) System der 

 Asteriden, Braunschweig, 1842, 8 vo. fig. — Agassiz, 

 (L.,) Catalogue raisonnd des families, des genres et 

 des especes de la Classe des Eehinodermes, Ann. des 

 Sc. Nat. 3e ser. vol. 6-8, Paris, 1847, Svo. 



' I n('(<l hardly say in this connection that the 

 so-called fresh-water Polyps, Alcyonella, Plumatella, 

 etc., are Bryozoa, and not true Polyps. 



* For the geographical distribution of Mollusks, 

 consult: Lamarck, (.1. 15. de,) Ilistoire naturelle 

 des Aniniaux sans vertebres, Paris, 1815-22, 7 vols. 

 8vo. ; 2de edit. augnK'ntee de notes par M.M. 

 DesMayes and Mii.ne-Edwards, Paris, 1835-43, 

 10 vols. 8vo. — Ferissac, (.1. B. L. de,) Histoire 

 naturelle des Mollusques terresfres et fluviatiles. 

 I'aris, 1819 et suiv, 4to. fig. fol., eontinui'e par Tiv.s- 



IIayes. — Ferissac, (.J. B. L. de.) et Sander- 

 Rang, (A.,) Ilistoire naturelle des Aplysiens, Paris, 

 1828, 4to. fig. fol. — Ferussac, (.L B. L. de,) et 

 d'Orbigny, (A.,) Monographic des Cephalopodes 

 cryptodibranches, Paris, 1834-43, fol. — Martini, 

 (F. II. W.,) und Chemnitz, (.J. H.) Neues syste- 

 matisehes Conchylien-Kabinet, NUrnberg, 1769-95, 

 11 vols. 4to. fig.; new edit, and continuation by 

 Schubert and A. Wagner, completed by H. C. 

 KusTER, Niirnberg, 11 vols. 4to. fig. — Kiener, (L. 

 C.,) Species general et Iconographie des Coquilles 

 vivantes, Paris, 1834, et suiv, Svo. fig. — Reeve, 

 (Lovell,) Conchologia Iconica ; a Complete Repertory 

 of Species of Shells, Pictorial and Descriptive, Lon- 

 don, 1843, and foil., 4to. fig. — Pfeiffer, (L.,) Mon- 

 ographia Heliceorum viventium, Leipzig, 1847-48, 

 Svo. — Pfeiffer, (L.,) Monographia Pneumonopo- 

 monnn viventium, Cassel, 1852, Svo., and all the 

 special works on Conchology. 



^ The mode of distribution of free or parasitic 

 Worm<, in ditferent parts of the world and in differ- 

 ent animals, maj' be ascertained from : Gruise, (A. 

 Ed..) Die Familien der Annolideii, AViegman's Ar- 

 chiv, 1S50. I nientioii this jiapir in preference to 

 any other work, as it is the only coniplete list of An- 

 nulaia ; and though the localities are not given, the 

 references may supply the deficiencj-. — Rudolphi, 

 (K. A..) Entozoorum sive Verniium intestiniilium 

 Ilistoria naturalis, Amstelodami, 1808-10, 3 vols. 



