91 SOME EARLY FORMS OF ART. 
In digging out this deposit the following discoveries were made. 
Practically the whole of the cave earth has been excavated. In the 
lowest or bottom layer stratum were found the bones of an elephant 
and a rhinoceros. Not such an elephant as the Carthaginians or 
Pyrrhus employed and left behind them dead in Italy, but Elephas 
Primigenius (the Mammoth), with its large recurved tusks. Imple- 
ments of gritstone, clumsily chipped scrapers for scraping the flesh 
off skins, lanceheads. Then followed a period in the world’s history 
when the Mammoth disappeared, and we come to what is called a 
Reindeer layer. Bones of horses, foxes, wild boar, ibex, red deer 
and their antlers. These are not the remains of animals who came 
there to die, but of animals killed for the sake of food or for their 
hides. The bones are split and scooped out, and the marrow 
evidently has been systematically extracted. There are traces of 
hearths where fires were lit, black marks of smoke on the rock at 
different elevations, cinders, charred bones and charred wood, 
numerous weapons of flint and stone, and the flints are worked more 
skilfully. Some bone ornaments are found— rings sawn out of round 
bone, scrapers, seashells, and bodkins or needles to stitch skins 
together. Skeletons were found with beautiful perfect teeth and a 
necklace composed of deers’ teeth ornamented with lines and shells, 
‘* Nassa Neritea,” and the vertebre of a species of trout which must 
have been strung together, as they are perforated, also pendants like 
a double olive, and shells (‘‘ Cyprea ”). 
How did these cave-dwellers, these troglodytes, live? They 
killed game, such beasts as they could shoot with spears or arrows or 
harpoons, flints sharpened and stuck or tied with thongs or grasses 
into wooden sticks. They cooked at fires. They extracted marrow 
from the bones, they scraped the skins and sewed them together with 
bodkins, they made ornaments of shell, fishbones, and pretty pebbles. 
They seemed to have eaten horses and not ridden them. No trace 
of dogs as companions in the chase. They ate the acorns from the 
