93 SOME EARLY FORMS OF ART, 
pictures of articles from other French caves. A bone piercer, 
bone needles from Bruniquel. A splinter was taken off the bone 
and rounded bv a saw-edged flint, the point and smooth surface were 
made by rubbing with a sandstone burnisher, and the eye was drilled 
with a pointed flint. Needles or bodkins for sewing skins were 
thus produced. 
Next there is a javelin head of stone barbed like a harpoon. 
Here is a horse-rib with three horses heads on both sides, and part 
of a deer’s rib with heads of reindeer and wild goat. 
Here is the handle of a dagger in reindeer-horn with a figure of 
a mammoth. The trunk reaches the forefeet, and the tusks are 
fitted in along the blade to suit the shape. There is also a horse’s 
figure and a graceful head of an ibex on reindeer horn, and the figure 
of a glutton showing that the climate was sub-arctic. Lastly, horse- 
head on bone from Cresswell Crags in Derbyshire. 
Turn from Italy and France to Ancient Britain in prehistoric 
times, to Stattordshire and Derbyshire. There was no Ryknield 
Street, that great Roman backbone of through traffic. Czsar had 
not fought in Kent, Between the Peak and the Trent were endless 
oak forests on the slopes, in the river valleys were swamps and 
morasses. 
Men lived on the higher levels, not savages or barbarians, but 
civilised and intelligent people. The ancient cave-dwellers had been 
succeeded by men who dwelt in huts of wood and branches, of dried 
turf or bundles of reed, of twigs and mud, built like a bird’s nest or 
a beast’s lair. At some date primeval architecture began. By use 
of fire vast stones were split out of the rock, workmen fashioned and 
shaped them with flints, and planned temples as places of sacrifice, 
or religious centres of Druidical worship, or mausoleums. 
First single stones set upright, then Dolmens; where one flat 
stone rests like a table on two props; then Cromlechs, where the 
