2 
in irregular spots between the veins, working on both surfaces, but chiefly on 
the lower side, causing the leaves to assume a dry, brown appearance, to curl, 
and ultimately to fall. The second crop of leaves sent out by the trees in the 
southern range of the insect meets a liké fate. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
The elm leaf-beetle is a well-known depredator in the Old World, particularly 
in south Germany, Austria, and France. It was imported into this country, 
on the authority of Glover, in 1837, and its earliest attacks were particularly 
severe about Baltimore and in New Jersey. Its spread in this country has 
been comparatively slow, and, while wherever it has appeared it has established 
itself very firmly and now frequently occurs in enormous numbers, it is 
limited in its range, so far as the records go, to the middle Atlantic seaboard. 
including the District of Columbia, Maryland from Washington eastward, Vir- 
ginia in the immediate vicinity of Washington, Delaware, southeastern Penn- 
sylvania, New Jersey, Long Island, the Hudson River Valley, and southern Con- 
necticut. On the authority of Prof. C. H. Fernald it is not known to occur 
in Massachusetts, and Prof. Gerald McCarthy reports the same for North Caro- 
lina. This range, as pointed out by Mr. Howard, practically conforms to the 
northern limit of the upper austral life zone, outside of which the insect has 
not established itself as yet, so far as can be learned. 
NATURAL HISTORY AND HABITS. 
Characteristics of Different Stages.—The insect occurs on the trees in three 
different stages, and the fourth stage is passed on or under the surface of the 
ground at the base of the tree; i. e., the egg, larva, and beetle on the tree, the 
pupa in the ground. 
The beetle is a little over a quarter of an inch long, of a general yellowish 
or yellowish-brown color, with three somewhat indistinct brownish-black 
stripes on the wings. It is shown natural size at c, and enlarged at k, in the 
figure. © 
The eggs are placed on the lower sides of the leaves in vertical clusters of 
from 5 to 20 or more eggs, Closely arranged in two or three irregular rows. 
They are cblong-oval in shape, tapering to a rather obtuse point, orange yellow 
in color, and the exterior surface is covered with beautiful hexagonal reticu- 
lations. They are shown natural size on the leaf at a, and enlarged at e, with 
the reticulated surface still more enlarged at f. 4 
The larva is elongate, reaching a length of about half an inch, and when 
newly hatched is nearly black. As it increases in size it becomes, with each 
shedding of the skin, more distinctly marked with yellow, and when mature 
the yellow predominates, occurring as a broad dorsal stripe and two lateral 
stripes. The larva is represented natural size on the leaves, and somewhat 
enlarged at g, with portions still more enlarged at h and i in the figure. 
The pupa is uniformly light orange yellow, oval in shape, strongly convex 
dorsally, and a little over a quarter of an inch in length. It is shown in the 
illustration at j, enlarged. 
The egg state lasts about a week, and the larva normally fifteen to twenty. 
days, and the pupa six to ten days. 
Number of Broods and Dates of Appearance—In the more southern range of 
this insect, including Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, and most of New Jersey, 
there are two annual broods, with an occasional small third generation. Far- 
ther north, including northern New Jersey, Long Island, New York State, and 
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