ae | 8 
Connecticut, there is in general but one well-marked brood, with sometimes a 
supplemental or partial second brood. 
Throughout the double-brooded area the beetles make their appearance in 
spring about the middle of April, beginning to come out before the elms have 
put out their leaves and continuing on the trees through May, perishing soon 
after egg-laying is finished. The eggs. of the first brood are deposited during 
f “May and into June, the larvre of this brood occurring ‘from early in May 
: throughout June. Pupation takes place during June and July, and beetles of 
the second or summer brood emerge during July and into August. The eggs 
for the second brood of larvz are deposited by these beetles from the middle 
of July through August, and the larvee of the second brood skeletonize the 
= ‘second growth of elm leaves during the latter part of July and August, the 
Plater specimens occurring up to October. Pupation occurs chiefly during Au- 
gust and September, the beetles appearing from the last of August through 
September, and entering winter quarters during September and October. 
F In the one-brooded regions the beetles do not appear in spring until the last of. 
May, and, in general, the periods are fully a month later for the different stages 
than for the southern districts, the beetles of the summer brood transforming 
most abundantly about the first of August. After feeding on the leaves a little 
~ while, and doing very inconsiderable damage, they go into winter quarters dur- 
i ing August and September, remaining dormant eight or nine months. 
4 Habits of Larve and Hibernation of Adults.—The lary from each batch of 
eggs feed together somewhat gregariously for a time, but ordinarily become sep- 
arated and scattered later, especially with a scantiness of food. When full 
grown they normally crawl] down the branches to the trunk and then to the 
ound, pupating almost immediately on or very near the surface of the soil 
ust about the base of the tree. They are apt to seek partial protection about 
grass bunches, but frequently accumulate in masses, exposed on the surface in 
uch a manner as to make a striking yellow carpet about the tree from a few 
‘a inches to a foot or more wide. With very large elms, however, many of the 
~ larvee are shaken off by winds or fall directly to the ground, sometimes fairly 
covering the surface over a diameter equal to the limb-expanse of the tree. 
a / Hibernation is in the adult state both where there is but one brood and where 
there are two. For this purpose the beetles frequently enter houses and barns 
or outbuildings, sometimes assembling in such numbers that it is possible to col- 
ect them by the quart. They also enter cracks in posts, telegraph poles, fences, 
ete, or wherever they can secure partial protection from winter storms. 
Susceptibility of Different Elins.—BHuropean elms seem to be especial favorites 
with this insect, and this would naturally be expected from its European ori- 
- gin. Its preference for the European elms is especially noticeable where these 
re grown in conjunction with American elms, the former being frequently en- 
 tirely denuded, while the latter remain practically uninjured. In general, the 
 coarser-leaved sorts of elms are distasteful to the beetles, and the smooth, thin- 
_leaved varieties are especially subject to attack. The American species, Ulmus 
americana, is notably exempt, and this, together with the general immunity of 
other American species, is a strong argument in favor of restricting planting 
to our native sorts. All species of elms, however, are attacked more or less, 
and in the absence of sufficient foliage of the favorite varieties, the injury to 
_ less palatable sorts becomes almost equally marked. 
‘Zg REMEDIES. 
In nearly every stage of the life history of this insect it is easily subject to 
treatment. The best means against the adults and laryze consist in the use of 
arsenical poisons in the form of sprays on the foliage. The adults, fora week 
[Cir. 8] 
