Or 
OTHER BORERS IN CHESTNUT. 
As in most cases of insect damage a considerable number of other 
species of borers and bark-beetles, as well as predaceous and scay- 
enging species, follow the attacks of the primary borer, whether it 
be the particular species under consideration or some other form. 
What may be considered as secondary species, judged by the nature 
of their attack, belong chiefly to the family Cerambycids, or long- 
horned beetles, but there are a few also which belong to the Bupres- 
tidee, Scolytidze, and Curculionids. There are also numerous other 
families of different orders represented, but it is not within the 
province of this circular to consider any but the present species, 
which is the one that has been the cause of the greatest injury in 
recent years. Many of the secondary forms of borers, although they 
do not attack or injure living trees, do considerable damage to timber 
that it is desired to use for building and similar purposes. 
PARASITIC ENEMIES. 
The two-lined chestnut borer undoubtedly has many insect ene- 
mies, as several genera of parasitic Hymenoptera are known to attack 
other species of its genus. Of the parasitic species observed in this 
vicinity Spathius simillimus Ashm. was the most abundant, and 
is an undoubted parasite of this borer, as the circumstances of its 
capture in the galleries of the boring larve indicate. It was 
exceedingly abundant in the vicinity of the District of Columbia 
during the latter years of the chestnut infestation, and probably 
played an important role in reducing the numbers of its host. One 
other parasite has been reared with this species, but it has not been 
identified at the present writing. 
PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
In the absence of a more complete knowledge of the life history 
and habits of this species, and of an opportunity to test the efficacy 
of preventive and remedial measures against it, a somewhat general 
consideration of deterrents and remedies will be given. What is of 
value against the present species will apply, in the main, to many 
other true borers. 
After the borers once obtain possession of a tree it is next to impos- 
sible to save it. Some few species of trees are able to withstand 
borer attacks for years, while others succumb, unless remedies are 
applied, in a year or two after the attack begins. 
Large forms of boring insects, such as the round-headed apple- 
tree borer and other species of Saperda, may be cut out of the wood 
with a knife or may be killed by the insertion of a pliable wire into 
